随着3S技术的发展和应用日益向深度和广度挺进，特别是Google Earth为广大公众提供了全新的空间信息服务体验后，空间信息及其服务已经不再神秘。各国各级政府都在积极规划和实施各自的空间信息基础设施建设，并在此基础上向企业和公众提供空间信息服务。

数字城市“大潮涌动”

我国“数字城市地理空间框架”被列为国家测绘局“十一五”重点建设项目，目标是通过在全国范围内若干具备条件的城市，构建城市地理空间信息公共平台，以促进地理信息资源的充分利用和城市信息化建设。2008年，国家测绘局又提出了建设“全国地理信息公共服务平台”的宏大构想，并积极组织规划实施。与此同时，国土、规划、市政、环保、城建等国家级和城市级行政主管部门以及大量的企业也都在自己的IT规划和治理中自觉地引入或整合3S技术，结合业务特点，将空间信息的处理、分析和展示融入到各自行政和业务管理流程中的各个环节，并开始以服务的形式对内对外提供。空间信息服务，已经实实在在地朝着我们的生产、生活的各个方面款款走来。当众多的空间信息服务可以被提供出来，并在基于服务的聚合技术支持之下不断熔合、重组和派生时，我们发现，在打造数字地球、数字城市、数字区域和数字领域等等的过程中，实际上是在构建一个空间信息服务的生态环境。

以高速宽带和大容量为基本特征的计算机服务与网络交换系统，以及多源、多尺度、多时态、多分辨率、多专题的海量空间数据存储、处理、分析、展示和发布系统，共同构成了空间信息服务生态环境的基础。此生态环境中，数字城市地理空间框架和地理信息公共服务平台扮演了土壤和地衣的角色，是十分重要而不可或缺的。大量的政府部门和企业，其管理职能和业务特性决定了他们将是各类空间信息及其相关业务信息服务的提供者同时也是享用者，是空间信息服务生态环境中的各色“物种”。这些“物种”本身及其相互共享熔合的依存关系，构成了空间信息服务生态环境的关键要素。

信息服务“共生演化”

早在1965年，美国生物学家保罗.埃利希和彼特.拉文就提出了“共生演化”的概念，认为生物界普遍存在的现象是“共生演化”而非“生存竞争”。用“共生演化”来描述空间信息服务生态环境的生存模式比较贴切。该生态环境中的各色“物种”，大致可以分为两种层次。一是空间信息及其服务的原始提供者，或称为原生信息服务源。如：测绘局、国土局、规划局、城建局、环保局、电信、石化、物流、邮政等政府部门和企业。他们是空间信息及其关联业务信息的原始生产者，他们提供的信息，是“第一手”资料，因而是相关的信息服务的源头。二是部分或全部建立在别人的信息服务基础上的空间信息服务提供者，我们称为次生信息服务源。它们的主要特征在于，其所提供的信息服务的部分或全部是由别人提供的信息服务聚合而来，并将聚合之后形成的新的服务再提供出去。在合适的政策、标准、网络及交换环境的支撑下，原生信息服务源和次生信息服务源又相互融合和转换，进一步衍生出以几何级数增长繁衍的信息服务源，从而形成生机勃勃、相互依存、相互增强、存在无穷无尽组合可能的空间信息服务生态环境。数字城市地理空间框架和地理信息公共服务平台，由于其所提供的基础空间信息的全面性和权威性，将构成所有空间信息相关服务的共同基础。

要使空间信息服务生态环境得以不断地繁衍生息，关键是要让各类原生信息服务源能够持续不断地提供外界所需的鲜活信息，同时，还要有相应的技术和管理手段使得次生信息服务源能够方便、快捷地将自己或他人的服务进行聚合并对外提供服务。后者，SOA相关的技术和标准可以对其提供支持与保障。而前者，做到了，可以为空间信息服务生态环境提供源源不断的驱动能量，使其生生不息，充满活力；反之，空间信息服务生态环境将无从谈起，即便是由政府和企业集中力量投入，在一定范围内建立起了大量的信息服务提供节点，如果不能保持其对外提供信息的鲜活，其环境也必将因为“物种”的渐渐凋零而崩溃无疑。

怎么才能让原生信息服务源保持必要的活力？典型的原生信息服务源，如：国土资源、城市规划、城市建设、环境保护、气象等各级政府职能部门和电力、电信、石油、石化、物流等企业，其对外提供的各类信息，最具时效性和权威性的，也一定是与其核心业务直接相关的，是在政府机构和企业的核心业务流程中的各个环节中产生和流转的信息。这些信息中，80%是与空间有关的，它们是“鲜活”的，具有最好的实时性和现势性。如何才能让那些与空间有关的信息有效地组织、整理、过滤出来，对外提供鲜活的空间信息服务呢？

企业GIS“加速跑”

通过近年来在国内外诸多应用实践的考验，企业级GIS解决方案被证明是一种有效的途径。

所谓企业级GIS（Enterprise Geography Information System），是指能够最大化地减少和消除作为单一实体的政府机构组织或企业内部各种信息流转和共享的障碍，服务于整个机构组织或企业而非孤立于部门内部的综合地理信息系统。

长期以来，地理信息系统和其他 IT 软件供应商们一直在努力攻克阻碍机构内 GIS 无缝集成的技术壁垒。软件接口和方法的进步，硬件平台的多样化（例如，移动设备、多核处理器）以及面向服务架构（SOA）及其相关标准规范的发展都积极地促进了企业级GIS进程。企业级GIS的作用在于提供空间数据和软件框架及工具，作为机构组织或企业的IT系统，在各类信息共同的参考项---地理空间位置的基础上，组织和共享数据、信息来为其核心业务中各个流程环节提供服务，并且在此基础上，将信息进行组织、抽取、加工和发布，向机构组织或企业外部的现有和潜在服务对象提供信息服务。

企业级GIS的目标是借助和综合其他IT技术提供的功能和数据，将空间信息及其相关联的业务信息和GIS的空间信息处理和分析功能贯穿、融合到整个组织机构或企业。要完成这一目标，就必须基于标准，并利用统一的方法来定义GIS的数据、服务和业务功能的信息产品组件。这些新的业务流程和信息产品能够提高组织的内部效率和增强对外服务能力。举例来说，一个统一的流域编码服务，可以面向环保部各级各部门提供，从而确保各级各部门可以获得标准统一的水系、流域相关信息服务；同时，还可以对其它政府部门，如：国土资源部、农业部、水利部等提供标准一致的水系、流域相关信息共享。

“企业级GIS”的主要特征：

1) 产品体系全面覆盖从桌面工具到服务器平台，并具有选择、组合和部署的高度灵活性和开放性；

2) 具有超大规模（TB、PB级）空间数据集中、分布管理能力；

3) 全面支持SOA架构，具有构建、发布、提供符合工业标准的空间信息及分析处理功能服务（Web Services）的能力；

4) 具有空间信息服务、GIS功能服务以及服务聚合与再提供能力。

企业级GIS的应用主要有以下两种模式：

模式一：可将GIS融入机构和企业核心业务流程的各个环节；

模式二：可在机构和企业范围内建立以GIS为核心的业务流程。

应用模式一，主要针对自身具有严格、复杂的核心业务流程，而这些核心业务所涉及和处理的数据主体并非空间数据。例如：作为城市规划行政主管部门的城市规划局，它的核心业务是对城市规划的设计、审批及实施监督，尽管在其管理业务的每个环节都离不开空间数据的调阅、处理和分析，但是，数据的空间特性仅仅是规划管理业务关注的一个方面，空间数据也只是其业务数据的组成部分之一。因此，对这类原生信息服务源，适合的做法是将GIS融入到它的核心业务流程中去，利用空间信息作为各类信息的整合基础，将各类信息有机地关联起来，流转于整个机构内部的各个环节，达到共享目的的同时，保证信息的现势性。空间信息的现势性得到保证之后，在此基础上对外提供的信息服务也就能够做到及时有效，对信息服务的消费者（其他政府部门或公众）而言，才具有更大的价值体现。

应用模式二，主要针对其核心业务具有天然空间信息特征的范畴。例如：基础设施的网络维护是基于地理信息的，其工作流程的设计和维护也都是基于地理空间的。再如：物流调度管理，其线路的规划、车辆的调度、车辆位置的监控等，都是基于地理空间的。这些应用可以说具有天然的地理特性，因此利用GIS作为核心技术来组织管理就是顺理成章的事情。

以上两种应用模式，简单地说，前者以业务为核心，融入GIS；后者是以GIS为核心，融入业务。通过企业级GIS的实施，达到GIS和核心业务的融合。打破机构和企业内部各部门独立存在的各个系统之间的信息流动壁垒，形成内部高效、对外一致的信息服务格局。从而形成整个空间信息服务生态环境中具有旺盛生命力的“物种”单元。

当然，空间信息服务生态环境的建立，并非仅仅靠企业级GIS就能解决所有问题。本文谨从企业级GIS解决方案对机构和企业内部空间信息和核心业务的深度融合可以减少和消除系统间信息流动壁垒，提高原生信息服务源信息鲜活度，从而保持“物种”生命力的角度，探讨了建立和优化空间信息服务生态环境的有效途径。

With the application of 3S technology and the increasing depth and breadth of the advance, especially in Google Earth for the general public with a whole new experience of space information service, the spatial information and its service is no longer mysterious. Governments at all levels are actively planning and implementing their own spatial information infrastructure, and on this basis, to provide space for businesses and the public information services.

Digital City "flowing tide"

China's "Digital City geo-spatial framework" was listed as the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, "Eleventh Five-Year" key construction project goal is to have the conditions at the national level a number of cities, urban geo-spatial information to build public platform to promote geographic information resources full use and urban information technology. In 2008, the national mapping agency proposed the construction of the "National Geographic Information Public Service Platform," the grand vision, and actively organize planning implementation. At the same time, land, planning, municipal, environmental protection, urban construction and other national and city-level administrative departments, as well as a large number of enterprises are in their IT planning and governance consciously or integrated into 3S technology, combined with operational characteristics of the space of information processing, analysis and presentation into their administrative and operational management processes in all aspects, and began to provide services in the form of internal and external. Spatial information services, and have a solid way towards our production and all aspects of life, walking leisurely. When a large number of spatial information services can be provided out of and in service-based technical support under the continuous polymerization of fusion, restructuring and derived, we found that in creating digital earth, digital city, digital region and the digital domain, and so the process of is in fact to build a spatial information service environment.

Large-capacity high-speed broadband and computer services as the basic characteristics of the network switching system, as well as multi-source, multi-scale, multi-temporal state, multi-resolution, multi-thematic massive spatial data storage, processing, analysis, display and distribution system, together constitute the the space environment information service basis. This eco-environment, geo-spatial framework for digital cities and geographic information of public service platform plays the role of soil and lichens, is very important and indispensable. A large number of government departments and enterprises, their management functions and operational characteristics of the decision that they will be the types of spatial information and related business information service provider who also enjoy is the spatial information services, the ecological environment in the colored "species." These "species" themselves and their mutual dependencies shared fusion constitutes a spatial information services, key elements of the ecological environment.

Information Service "symbiotic evolution"

As early as 1965, the American biologist Paul. Ehrlich, and Peter. Lavin has proposed a "symbiotic evolution" concept, that the biosphere is a common phenomenon in "symbiotic evolution" rather than "competition for survival." With "symbiotic evolution" to describe the spatial information services, the ecological environment mode of existence is more appropriate. The ecological environment in the colored "species" can be broadly divided into two kinds of levels. First, the original spatial information and its service provider, otherwise known as primary source of information services. Such as: Surveying and Mapping Bureau, Land Bureau, Planning Bureau, Urban Construction Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency, telecommunications, petrochemicals, logistics, postal and other government departments and enterprises. They are spatial information and its associated business information of the original producers, the information they provide is the "first-hand" information, which is the source of related information services. Second, some or all of the information service based on someone else based on space information service providers, we call the secondary source of information services. Their main characteristic is that it provides information services to part or all of the information services provided by someone else from aggregation, and aggregation was formed after the re-provision of new services out. In the appropriate policies, standards, networking and exchange of environmental support, the primary sources and secondary information services information services integration and transformation between the source again, and further derived with a geometrically growing source of proliferation of information services, thus formation of a dynamic, interdependent and mutually reinforcing, there are endless combinations of possible spatial information services environment. Digital City geo-spatial framework and geographic information of public service platform, as it provides the basis for a comprehensive and authoritative spatial information would constitute all the space a common basis for information-related services.

To make spatial information service ecosystem to be constantly thrive, the key is to make all kinds of primary source of information services to the outside world continued to provide the information needed to live, should be accompanied by appropriate technical and management tools makes the secondary source of information services can be easily and quickly to themselves or others outside of service aggregation and service delivery. The latter, SOA-related technologies and standards can provide support and protection of their. While the former, so that, you can take for the space environment information service to provide an endless driving energy, its vitality and full of vitality; the contrary, spatial information services, the ecological environment will be impossible, even by the government and enterprises to focus their efforts on , in a certain range has established a large number of information service delivery node, if you can not provide information to maintain its external live, their environment will also because the "species" is no doubt gradually withered and collapsed.

How can we make the native source of information services to maintain the necessary dynamism? Typical sources of primary information services, such as: land and natural resources, urban planning, urban construction, environmental protection, meteorological departments at all levels of government functions and power, telecommunications, petroleum, petrochemicals, logistics and other enterprises, which provide a range of external information, the most time-sensitive and authoritative, it must be directly related to its core business is in government agencies and the company's core business processes in every aspect of production and circulation of information. This information, 80% of the space-related, they are "live", and have the best potential of real-time and now. How can we let those with space-related information effectively to organize, sort, filter out the external space to provide fresh information on services?

Enterprise GIS "buildup"

In recent years, many applications at home and abroad through the test of practice, enterprise-class GIS solutions are proven to be an effective way.

The so-called enterprise-class GIS (Enterprise Geography Information System), is able to maximize the reduction and elimination as a single entity within the government agencies or business organizations, various kinds of information flow and sharing barriers, services, organizations or enterprises in the whole organization rather than isolated in the intra-departmental integrated geographic information systems.

For a long time, geographic information systems and other IT vendors have been trying to overcome obstacles institutions GIS seamlessly integrated technical barriers. Software interfaces, and methodological advances, the diversity of hardware platforms (for example, mobile devices, multi-core processors) and service-oriented architecture (SOA) and its related standard specifications have been actively promoting the development of enterprise-class GIS process. The role of enterprise GIS is to provide spatial data and software frameworks and tools, as an institutional organization or enterprise IT systems, various kinds of information --- a common reference item on the basis of geo-spatial location, organize and share data, information to its core business processes in all areas to provide services, and on this basis, the information organization, extraction, processing and distribution to institutions and organizations or enterprises outside the existing and potential clients to provide information services.

Enterprise GIS goal is to help other IT technology and integrated functionality and data, spatial information and its associated business information and GIS spatial information processing and analysis capabilities through fusion to the entire organization or enterprise. To accomplish this goal, it must be based on standards, and use a unified approach to the definition of GIS data, services and business functions of the components of information products. These new business processes and information products can enhance the organization's internal efficiency and strengthen their service capabilities. For example, an integrated watershed coding services for the Ministry of Environmental Protection can be provided by various departments at all levels to ensure that departments at all levels access to the standard uniform water system, watershed-related information services; the same time, but also to other government departments, such as the : Ministry of Land Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources and other water system provides a standard consistent, watershed-related information sharing.

"Enterprise GIS" The main features:

1) The full coverage product system tools from the desktop to the server platform, and have choice, composition and deployment of a high degree of flexibility and openness;

2) has a very large scale (TB, PB-class) space data sets, distribution and management capability;

3) full support for SOA architecture, with a building, disseminating information, providing industry-standard processing spatial information and analysis services (Web Services) capabilities;

4) has the spatial information services, GIS services, features and service aggregation and re-provision of capacity.

Enterprise-class GIS applications mainly in the following two modes:

Mode 1: GIS can be integrated into core business processes, institutions and enterprises in all aspects;

Mode 2: can be within the framework of institutions and enterprises to establish a GIS as the core business processes.


Application mode one, mainly for its own strict, complex core business processes, which are involved in the core business and processing of the data subject is not the spatial data. For example: as an urban planning administration department of the Town Planning Board, its core business is the design of urban planning, approval and implementation of supervision, in spite of its management operations are inseparable from every aspect of access to spatial data, processing and analysis, however, the spatial characteristics of data management business plan is just one aspect of concern, spatial data is only part of their business data is one. Therefore, information services such native sources, appropriate action would be GIS into its core business processes to the use of spatial information as the integration of all types of information based on various kinds of information will be organically linked together, the whole circulation the various segments within the organization to achieve shared objectives at the same time, ensure that information of the current trend. The current trend of spatial information had been assured, in this based on external information services will also be able to achieve timely and effective information services to consumers (other government departments or public), the only reflect the greater value.

Application mode 2, primarily for its core business has the natural characteristics of the scope of spatial information. For example: the infrastructure network maintenance is based on geographic information, its work process design and maintenance also are based on the geographical space. Another example: Logistics scheduling management, and its line of planning, vehicle scheduling, vehicle location monitoring, are based on the geographical space. These applications can be said to have a natural geographical features, so the use of GIS as a core technology for organizational management is a natural thing.

The above two kinds of application mode, simply to say that the former focuses on the core business and integrate into the GIS;, which is based on GIS as the core, into the business. Through the implementation of enterprise GIS to achieve the integration of GIS and core business. Institutions and enterprises to break the independent existence of various departments within the various barriers to the flow of information between the systems to form a highly efficient internal and external information services consistent pattern. To form the whole space environment information service has a strong vitality, "species" unit.

Of course, the spatial information services, the establishment of the ecological environment, not just rely on enterprise-level GIS will be able to solve all problems. This honor from the enterprise-class GIS solutions to institutional and enterprise spatial information and core business within the depth of integration can reduce and eliminate barriers to information flows between systems, to increase the primary source of information on fresh degree of information services, thereby maintaining "species" living point of view, to explore the establishment and optimization of spatial information services, the environment an effective way.