由于测量仪器的精度不完善和人为因素及外界条件的影响，测量误差总是不可避免的。为了提高成果的质量，处理好这些测量中存在的误差问题，观测值的个数往往要多于确定未知量所必须观测的个数，也就是要进行多余观测。有了多余观测，势必在观测结果之间产生矛盾，测量平差的目的就在于消除这些矛盾而求得观测量的最可靠结果并评定测量成果的精度。测量平差采用的原理就是“最小二乘法”。
测量平差是德国数学家高斯于1821～1823年在汉诺威弧度测量的三角网平差中首次应用，以后经过许多科学家的不断完善，得到发展，测量平差已成为测绘学中很重要的、内容丰富的基础理论与数据处理技术之一。
As the precision of measuring instruments imperfect and human factors and external conditions, the impact of measurement error is always inevitable. In order to improve the quality of the results, to address these measurement error problems that exist, the number of observations tend to determine the unknown quantity is greater than the number that must be observed, that is to conduct redundant observation. With redundant observation, is bound to cause contradictions between the results of observation, the purpose of measuring adjustment to eliminate these contradictions is that the measurements obtained the most reliable measurement of results and assess the accuracy of the results. Adjustment adopt the principle of measurement is the "least squares method."
Adjustment is a German mathematician Gauss measure on the 1821 ~ 1823 in Hanover arc triangular net adjustment in the measurement of the first application of the future through the continuous improvement of many scientists, have been developed, measuring adjustment has become a very important Surveying and Mapping rich in content, the basic theory and data processing technologies.
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