作者：周德军

随着经济的快速发展和社会的全面进步，各领域各方面对测绘不断提出新的更高要求，测绘发展的机遇和挑战并存。面对新的形势和新的需求，必须坚持走信息化发展道路，加快信息化测绘体系建设，推进测绘信息化进程，为经济社会发展提供可靠、适用、及时的测绘保障。本文探讨了信息化测绘体系的概念和内涵、加快信息化测绘体系建设的思路和任务，以供商榷。

　　1、信息化测绘体系的基本概念和内涵

　　由于测绘可以理解为一项事业，也可以理解为一种业务行为，还可以理解为专业技术，因此，对信息化测绘体系的认识各有不同。如果信息化测绘体系中的测绘是指测绘事业，那么，信息化测绘体系是个大概念，是与测绘信息化发展相关联的技术、信息、产品、网络、装备和设施、管理与服务等要素所构成的有机整体，是测绘信息化发展的综合体现和测绘事业发展进步的整体性标志；如果信息化测绘体系中的测绘是指测绘业务行为，如地理信息的获取、处理和服务等行为，那么，信息化测绘体系是测绘业务流程和手段现代化的具体体现，是个内涵适中的概念；如果把测绘仅仅理解为一项专业技术，则信息化测绘体系是测绘技术形态的具体体现，强调测绘技术的发展，等同于信息化测绘技术体系，是个小概念。

　　在实际工作中，既不能把信息化测绘体系作为大概念运用，解释为整体的测绘事业体系，囊括测绘事业发展的全部内容，将数字中国地理空间框架、测绘公共服务等涵盖其中，也不能将信息化测绘体系作为小概念运用，解释为纯粹的技术体系，而失去其真正涵义，弱化其本质内容。所以，信息化测绘体系应该解释为测绘业务手段现代化的综合体现和重要标志，主要强调地理信息获取、处理、服务等过程和手段的信息化。

　　按照业务流程划分，信息化测绘体系可以分为现代化的测绘基准体系、实时化的地理信息获取体系、自动化的地理信息处理体系、网络化的地理信息服务体系。按照主体功能划分，信息化测绘体系主要由基准体系、技术体系、装备体系、标准体系等组成，其中：技术体系是测绘信息化发展中技术形态变革的体现，是数字化测绘技术体系的升级和扩展，主要包括空间对地观测技术和地理信息处理、管理、显示、服务、应用等技术，核心是快速卫星导航定位技术、精确与定量遥感技术、网络地理信息系统技术、虚拟现实技术、空间信息网格技术等；装备体系是测绘信息化发展中基础设施和装备条件变革的体现，主要包括卫星导航定位系统平台、现代测绘基准体系基础设施、航空航天遥感影像快速获取平台、先进野外测绘技术装备、地理信息数据处理技术装备以及地理信息数据交换传输服务网络等。

　　2、信息化测绘体系建设的总体思路

　　信息化测绘体系建设要以中国特色社会主义理论为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，贯彻落实《国务院关于加强测绘工作的意见》精神，以满足经济社会发展对测绘保障服务的需求为宗旨，以测绘科技进步与自主创新为动力，以推进测绘信息化进程、实现地理信息资源高效利用为目标，加快推进测绘基准现代化，不断完善信息化测绘技术体系和装备体系，显著提升测绘生产力水平，以测绘业务信息化推动测绘事业发展全局，为全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会提供可靠、适用、及时的测绘保障服务。

　　信息化测绘体系建设要坚持需求牵引、统筹规划，政府主导、企业推进，依靠科技、创新机制，突出重点、协调发展的原则。要紧密围绕党和国家的中心工作，准确把握经济建设、社会发展和人民生活对测绘的需求特点，统筹规划信息化测绘体系建设全局。充分发挥政府测绘部门的主导作用，加大财政资金对信息化测绘体系建设的支持力度。充分发挥企业和竞争机制的重要作用，提升市场配置资源的效率。加强测绘科技进步与自主创新，着力解决测绘信息化发展中的重大关键技术问题，大力提高测绘生产力水平，推进测绘生产组织结构调整。要以加快测绘科技进步、提高测绘装备和设施水平为重点，努力实现地理信息获取、处理和服务各环节的协调发展。要着力制度建设和机制创新，为信息化测绘体系建设创造良好环境条件。

　　未来十年左右，信息化测绘体系建设要实现以下总体目标：测绘科技进步取得突出成效，测绘技术装备和测绘基础设施全面改善，测绘生产力水平显著提高。构成信息化测绘体系的现代基准体系、技术体系、装备体系、标准体系等较为完善，地理信息的获取实时化、处理自动化、服务网络化和应用社会化全面实现，测绘信息化整体水平显著提高。测绘较好地满足经济社会发展的需要，对全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会的保障能力和服务水平显著提高。

　　3、信息化测绘体系建设的重点任务

　　建立适应信息社会要求的信息化测绘体系是测绘信息化建设的基本要求和重要途径，也是一项重大的系统工程，需要政府、企业、事业单位等各方面共同推进，测绘及相关行业共同参与，尤其要注重发挥测绘相关企业的作用。要充分利用各方面力量，不断提高测绘科技自主创新能力，提升信息化测绘基础设施自主保障能力，全面推进测绘基准体系基础设施、高分辨率立体测图卫星以及测绘卫星应用系统建设，增强地理信息的快速获取和更新能力，充实完善数字化测绘技术装备，促进测绘生产技术及管理手段的优化升级，提高地理信息采集、处理和提供服务的整体实力。信息化测绘体系建设的重点任务包括以下几个方面。

　　3.1现代化测绘基准体系建设

　　现代化测绘基准体系是地理信息获取、处理和开发利用的基础条件和基本保障。要利用现代测绘理论和高新技术手段，建立与维护覆盖全国、陆海统一的新一代高精度、三维、动态、多功能测绘基准体系，形成较为完善的现代测绘基准体系基础设施。重点是建设覆盖全国的卫星定位连续运行基准站网和国家空间大地控制网，全面提高高程控制网和重力基本网的密度与精度。

　　3.2实时化地理信息获取体系建设

　　实时化和空间化地理信息获取体系是地理信息数据获取手段的重大进步。要着力建设陆、海、空、天一体化的先进测绘基础设施，不断完善自主卫星导航定位系统，研制发射满足测绘要求的高分辨率遥感卫星，发展地理信息数据的快速获取技术手段，主要包括：高精度卫星导航定位系统、高分辨率卫星遥感系统、数字航空遥感系统、重力卫星系统和航空重力系统以及地面移动快速测量系统等。

　　3.3自动化地理信息处理体系建设

　　自动化和智能化地理信息处理体系是地理信息数据处理手段的重大变革。要充分利用信息技术、人工智能技术等高新技术，研制自动化、智能化的地理信息数据处理平台，发展海量地理信息数据快速、精确处理和集成管理的技术手段，包括：自动化智能化的卫星导航定位、卫星遥感、航空遥感等对地观测数据处理系统，地面测量数据快速处理系统以及地理信息数据管理、保密处理、产品制作等技术系统。

　　3.4网络化地理信息服务体系建设

　　网络化地理信息服务是信息化测绘体系最重要和最突出的特征。网络化地理信息服务体系建设的主要任务包括：建立和完善国家、省、市级之间互联互通的地理信息网络交换中心和共享服务平台，向社会发布基础地理信息产品目录、元数据以及设定权限内可浏览和使用的基础地理信息，提供网络化的地理信息快速访问、检索、浏览、下载等服务，推进地理信息资源的社会化共享。建立卫星导航定位综合服务体系，提供车载导航、手机定位等移动终端位置服务。

With the rapid economic development and overall social progress in various fields of Surveying and Mapping the parties continued to face greater demands, mapping the development of both opportunities and challenges. Facing new situations and new demands, we must stick to the path of development of information technology to speed up the information-based mapping system, to promote the process of mapping information, in order to provide reliable economic and social development, application and timely mapping support. This paper discusses the information-based mapping system, the concept and content, to speed up the information-based mapping system for ideas and tasks for discussion.

1, information-based mapping system, the basic concept and content of


Since the mapping can be interpreted as a cause, but also can be understood as acts of a business can also be interpreted as professional and technical, so the information-based knowledge mapping system are different. If mapping information mapping system is the cause of Surveying and Mapping, then, information mapping system is a big concept, with mapping information associated with the development of technology, information, products, networks, equipment and facilities, management and service elements of the constitute an organic whole, is the development of mapping information and mapping a comprehensive embodiment of the cause of development and progress of the overall mark; if the information-based mapping system is the mapping of the mapping operations, such as geographic information acquisition, processing and services, then , information-based mapping system is a means of surveying and mapping business processes and the concrete manifestation of modernization, is a connotation of the concept of moderate; if the mapping is only understood as a professional and technical, while information-based mapping technology mapping system is a concrete manifestation of form, emphasizing surveying and mapping technology development, the same technology in the information-based mapping system, is a small concept.


In practice, neither can information-based mapping system to use as a concept to explain the cause of the whole system of surveying and mapping, to include the development of mapping the entire contents will be the number of China's geo-spatial framework for public services such as mapping cover, nor can information-based concept mapping system for use as a small, interpreted as a purely technical system, but lost its real meaning, to weaken its essence. Therefore, the information-based mapping system should be interpreted as a means of mapping the modernization of business and an important indicator of the integrated embodiment, the main emphasis on geographic information acquisition, processing, and service process and the means of information technology.


Divided in accordance with the business process, information mapping system of modern surveying and mapping can be divided into the benchmark system, real-time access to geographic information systems, automated processing of geographic information systems, network-based geographic information service system. In accordance with the main functional, information-based mapping system by the base system, technical system, equipment system, the standard system components, including: information technology system is the mapping of morphological changes in the development of the embodiment of technology is the digital mapping technology system upgrades and expansion, including space technology for earth observation and geographic information processing, management, display, service, technology applications, the core is a fast satellite navigation and positioning technology, and quantitative accuracy of remote sensing technology, geographic information system network technology, virtual reality technology, spatial information grid, etc.; equipment mapping system is the development of information technology infrastructure and equipment, a reflection of changes in conditions, including satellite navigation and positioning system platform, the base of modern surveying and mapping infrastructure system, aerospace remote sensing image fast access to the platform, advanced mapping technology and equipment field , GIS data processing technology and equipment, as well as the exchange of GIS data network transmission services.


2, information-based mapping system for the general idea


Information-based mapping system to the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics as the guide, in-depth implementation of the scientific development concept, the implementation of "the State Council on the work of surveying and mapping," the spirit to meet the economic and social development of the surveying and mapping support services for the purpose to Mapping scientific and technological progress and independent innovation as the driving force to promote the process of mapping information and achieving efficient use of geographic information resources, the objective of accelerating the modernization of the base mapping, and constantly improve the information system mapping technology and equipment system, and significantly improve the productivity level of mapping to mapping business information of the cause of promoting the overall development of surveying and mapping, in order to build a well-off society and building a socialist harmonious society and provide a reliable, applicable and timely mapping support services.


Information-based mapping system should meet the needs to co-ordinate the planning, government-led, business forward, relying on science and technology, innovation mechanisms, focused and coordinated development. To work closely around the Party and the country's central work, accurately grasp the economic and social development and people's livelihood needs of the surveying and mapping features, overall planning of information system mapping of the overall situation. Government to give full play the leading role of surveying and mapping departments, increase of financial funds of the Survey and Mapping of information support system. Give full play to the business and the important role of the mechanism of competition to enhance the efficiency of market allocation of resources. Surveying and mapping scientific and technological progress and independent innovation, strive to solve information-based mapping in the development of a major key to the technical aspects of surveying and mapping efforts to raise productivity levels, and promote the production of organizational restructuring of Surveying and Mapping. To speed up the progress of science and technology mapping, surveying and mapping equipment and facilities to improve the level of focus on efforts to achieve geographic information acquisition, processing and services to various sectors of development. To focus on system building and innovation for the information-based mapping system to create a good environmental conditions.


About the next ten years, information-based mapping system to achieve the following overall goals: surveying and mapping results achieved outstanding scientific and technological progress, mapping and surveying and mapping technology and equipment to improve the overall infrastructure, mapping significantly increased level of productivity. Constitute the information system of the modern baseline mapping system, technical system, equipment system, the standard system more perfect, real-time access to geographic information, and dealing with automation, networking and application services of the full realization of the community, mapping the overall level of information technology have markedly improved. Surveying and mapping to better meet the needs of economic and social development of a well-off society and building a harmonious socialist society the ability of the security and service levels improved significantly.


3, information-based mapping system of the key tasks


Meets the requirements of the Information Society, information-based mapping information mapping system is the construction of the basic requirements and an important way, is a major systems engineering, government, enterprises and institutions work together to promote various aspects such as, mapping and related industries to participate in In particular, we should pay attention to play the role of surveying and mapping related businesses. To take full advantage of all aspects of strength, and continuously improve the capability of independent innovation of Surveying and Mapping Technology to enhance the information infrastructure of self-protection mapping capabilities, a comprehensive benchmark system to promote infrastructure mapping, high-resolution three-dimensional mapping and surveying and mapping satellite system satellite applications, and enhance GIS Rapid access and update capability, enrich and perfect the digital mapping technology and equipment to promote the surveying and mapping technology and the optimization and upgrading of management tools to improve the geographic information collection, processing and the overall strength of the provision of services. Information-based mapping system of the key tasks include the following.


3.1 Modernization Benchmark Survey and Mapping System


Benchmark system is a modern surveying and mapping geographic information acquisition, processing and the development and utilization of the basic conditions and basic security. To make use of modern theory and high-tech means of surveying and mapping, the establishment and maintenance of cover the entire country, land and sea a new generation of unified high-precision, three-dimensional, dynamic, multi-purpose base mapping system, the formation of a more comprehensive system of modern surveying and mapping infrastructure base. Covering the whole country focused on the construction of continuous operation of the satellite positioning network base stations and the national space geodetic control network, a comprehensive network to improve elevation and gravity-based control of the density and accuracy of us.


3.2 real-time access to geographic information system


And space-based real-time access to geographic information system GIS data acquisition means a significant step forward. To focus on construction land, sea, air, space, integration of advanced surveying and mapping infrastructure to continuously improve their own satellite navigation and positioning system developed to meet the mapping requirements of the launch of high-resolution remote sensing satellites, development of GIS data means rapid access to technology, including : High-precision satellite navigation and positioning system, high-resolution satellite remote sensing systems, the number of aerial remote sensing systems, satellite systems of gravity and airborne gravity system, as well as ground-based measurement system, such as moving quickly.


3.3 Automation system for geographic information processing


Automation and intelligent processing of geographic information is a geographic information system data-processing means major changes. To take full advantage of information technology, artificial intelligence technology, high technology, the development of automation, intelligent data processing platform for geographic information, GIS data development of mass rapid, accurate processing and integrated management of technical means, including: intelligent automation of satellite navigation and positioning , satellite remote sensing, aerial remote sensing and other Earth observation data processing system, the ground quickly to deal with measurement data and geographic information systems data management, are handled in confidence, such as production technology systems.


3.4 Geographic Information Network Service System


Network-based geographic information services are information-based mapping system, the most important and the most prominent characteristics. Network-based geographic information service system of the main tasks include: the establishment and improvement of national, provincial and municipal-level interoperability between the network of geographic information exchange centers and shared services platform, released to the community based on geographic information catalog, metadata as well as competence set can be obtained and the basis for the use of GIS to provide geographic information network for quick access, retrieval, browsing, downloading and other services, geographic information resources to promote community-based sharing. The establishment of satellite navigation and positioning system of integrated services to provide in-car navigation, mobile positioning services, such as the location of mobile terminals.