作者：陆伟军 施靖波 王怡蓓
服务上海城市建设
上海测绘事业60年的发展历程，是一部与上海城市建设同起步、共发展的光辉篇章。60年来，上海测绘服务保障不断完善，测绘行业监管力度不断加大，测绘科技创新层出不穷，测绘事业正以坚定的步伐阔步前进。
测绘队伍不断壮大
新中国成立之初，上海只有为数不多的几支测绘队伍，主要从事基础地形图测量。直到1963年9月上海河道工程局测量队与航标船队合并，成立上海河道工程局航标测量队，上海测量队伍才从地面发展到了水上。进入20世纪90年代，各部门争相发展地质、岩土等资源经济，为保障前期勘探，涌现出了上海地质调查研究院、上海岩土工程勘察设计研究院等一批单位。
90年代中后期，上海经济社会迅猛发展，道路、大桥、铁路等各种基础设施建设争相上马，测绘队伍在保障基础设施建设的过程中得到进一步发展。这一时期，国家对海洋、土地、城市建设的管理日益加强，依托管理部门组建了诸如上海东海海洋工程勘察设计研究院、上海市岩土工程检测中心、上海市政工程勘察设计有限公司、上海祥阳水利勘测设计有限公司等测绘单位，这些单位经改制重组，慢慢走上独立发展的道路。
90年代末，从事房产测绘、导航电子地图、地理信息系统工程等业务的测量单位不断涌现。随着国家测绘局对测绘资质实行全面统一监管，上海许多原先分布在各部门的测绘单位，纷纷纳入测绘资质统一管理，并取得长足的发展。
目前，上海共有132家测绘单位。其中，甲级测绘单位16家，乙级测绘单位42家，丙级测绘单位62家，丁级测绘单位12家，专业测绘从业人员有7000多人。60年间，测绘队伍实现了从无到有再到壮大的发展过程。
上海GPS基准站数据发布与应用系统得到全面应用
测绘管理进一步完善
1950年，上海市地政局测绘处成立。两年后，上海市地政局与市政建设委员会公共房屋管理处合并，建立了上海市房地产管理局，下设测量总队。1959年，改称为上海市城市建设局测量总队。1978年，更名为上海市测绘处。1987年，上海市测绘处改为上海市测绘院和上海市测绘管理处，实行两套班子一块牌子的管理体制。1994年，上海市测绘管理处更名为上海市测绘管理办公室。管理机构的完善、测绘法规的逐步健全、行政管理工作的全面落实，使上海测绘事业迈入了快速发展的轨道。
近年来，上海市测绘管理办公室结合实际，出台了一系列与国家测绘法律法规相衔接，体现上海特点的法规制度。其中，率先制定了国内第一部规范城市规划检查中测量方法、程序、手段和技术的强制性标准——《建筑工程规划检测规范》，出台了全国测绘系统第一部地方性测绘质量管理规定——《上海市测绘质量管理规定》。为进一步完善行政许可程序，先后出台了《上海市测绘行政许可审批程序规定》《上海市测绘技术质量管理体系考核标准》《上海市测绘成果资料档案管理制度考核标准》等规范性文件。同时，进一步健全了规范、有序、透明的工作制度及内部工作流程，实现测绘管理信息和测绘行政许可公开，极大地提高了行政管理的质量和效率。1995年，首部上海地方测绘管理法规——《上海市测绘管理条例》正式颁布。2009年，《上海市人民政府关于进一步加强本市测绘工作的实施意见》颁布，明确了今后上海测绘工作的发展方向，对保障测绘事业又好又快发展起到了推动作用。
在测绘成果质量管理方面，上海市测绘管理办公室每年组织对20%的测绘单位进行质量体系运行状况和测绘项目的年度质量监督检查，每年还有针对性地组织对某一测绘专业项目进行专项检查，以此督促测绘单位努力提高测绘质量水平。
在测绘资质管理方面，上海市测绘管理办公室印发了符合上海测绘技术水平和生产实际的《上海市丙、丁级测绘资质标准》，提高了测绘资质准入标准。该标准对优化上海测绘队伍结构，严格测绘市场准入，提高上海测绘单位技术水平，形成合理的测绘队伍结构和市场化运作模式具有重要意义。
我国第一座跨海大桥——东海大桥的建成离不开测绘人的努力拼搏
测绘科技水平显著提高
随着测绘高科技的发展，测绘生产方式发生了巨大的变革。特别是改革开放以来，上海各测绘单位充分借鉴世界先进测绘技术，改变了落后的生产方式，从模拟测绘逐步转向数字化测绘，结合应用航测遥感技术，使测绘生产效率成倍提高。
测绘科技水平的提高，首先体现在上海测绘单位的仪器装备更新换代上。从60年前的实地卷尺，到电子测量仪，再到数字化测量仪，全站仪、精密水准仪、现代GPS高精度定位设备、现代化海上测量船舶、多波束测深仪、旁侧声纳、浅地层剖面仪及海洋磁力仪等先进的大型测绘设备、高精度测深仪、智能化制图系统等等，上海测绘单位普遍运用了最新的测绘仪器设备，大大缩短了工作周期，提升了工作效率。
上海市测绘院自主建设的上海GPS基准站数据发布与应用系统是目前国内少数纳入到城市基础测绘体系并集规范管理、综合应用和商业化运行于一体的参考站运行系统之一。该系统在立足测绘、实现规模化生产的同时，已广泛服务于天文、气象、勘察、电力等行业和社会用户，取得了一定的社会和经济效益。系统的建成与广泛应用，使上海的空间定位基准服务系统和服务方式发生了革命性变化。
在海测技术方面，上海海测大队引进国际领先的海图生产数据库系统（HPD）技术编制海图，逐步建立和完善适合中国海道测量生产的HPD生产和管理体系。同时，海测大队还自主研发海洋水文信息系统，为海事系统内部、电信、水利、石化、防汛、航运、远洋测控等行业众多用户提供准确及时的水文、气象等信息，也为应急决策和抢险救灾指挥提供有力的技术支持和科学依据。
随着上海轨道交通建设工程的不断推进，上海的地下探测与监控技术得到很大提高。如上海京海工程技术公司对隧道断面测量进行深入研究，提出的以圆心角展开为横轴、以弦长变化量为纵轴来显示隧道断面收敛变形的表述方式，为国内首创。上海地质调查研究院在传统基坑监测技术基础上，创新变形监测技术，率先研发了自动化监测技术，并通过集成人工监测技术、自动化监测及远程传输等技术，研制开发了综合监测信息系统，进一步提升了监测工作的信息化水平。
上海海测大队引进国际领先的海图生产数据库系统（HPD）技术编制海图
测绘服务保障能力不断加强
解放后，上海的测绘事业发展较快，门类齐全。上世纪50年代初就建立了全市统一的平面和高程控制网，进行大面积的地形测量、水准测量和航道测量。上世纪60年代又开展了地面沉降监控测量。所测绘和编制的各种地图和海图，覆盖全市陆地和水域。随着上海国际化大都市建设进程的进一步加快，测绘服务保障水平不断提高。
如今，上海基础地形数据更新周期不断缩短，最近一次从“234”提速到了“0512”,即1：500基础地形数据从更新周期2年缩短到半年；1：1000基础地形数据更新周期从3年缩短至1年，1：2000基础地形数据更新周期从4年缩短至2年，大大保障了城市规划、建设、管理对基础地形数据现势性的要求。与此同时，上海还建立了以基础地理数据库为主的八大数据库，使测绘产品由数字化向信息化转变，丰富的数字产品使测绘服务面从以往单一的城建、规划部门，转向政府机关和国民经济建设各领域，成为了上海城市信息化战略中重要的信息资源，同时为人们的日常生活提供各种基础地理信息服务。
基础测绘的有力推进，为测绘服务上海各类重大工程建设提供了有力保障。改革开放30多年来，上海城市建设飞速发展，重大工程项目纷纷上马，南浦大桥、杨浦大桥、东方明珠电视塔、轨道交通、机场建设、磁悬浮、宝钢与金山石化厂的新建和扩建、浦东洋山港、东海大桥、长江隧桥、世博园区、虹桥综合交通枢纽等等，几乎每一项重大工程背后都凝结着测绘人的智慧与努力。
2002年，由上海市测绘院承担的上海磁浮示范运营线工程测量项目实现了±1毫米的世界级精度。精确的成果保障了上海磁悬浮建设的顺利推进，更令中外专家啧啧称赞。2005年，我国第一座长距离跨海大桥——全长32.5千米的东海大桥实现全线贯通。东海大桥因其所处的特殊地理位置，其所涉及的高精度陆海高程传递技术难度在国内外尚属罕见。上海市测绘院科研人员通过专题攻关，成功把高程传递到30千米的外海岛区域，测绘综合技术应用水平具有创新性，达到国际先进水平。2008年，在盾构一次掘进距离最长的上海崇明越江通道工程隧道贯通测量中，上海测绘人再次克服重重困难，创造了贯通精度2.5厘米的新记录。
在2010年世博会建设工地上，上海测绘人在每个重要场馆与园区的整体建设中都发挥了先行军的作用。世博会平面高程控制网测量、世博轴测量以及园区内全部道路工程测量，世博村、国家馆、世博演艺中心等建设工程规划全过程验收测量目前皆已全面展开。
近年来，上海地下管线测量飞速发展。地下管线作为城市的重要基础设施，是城市赖以生存和发展的命脉。上海自1864年埋下第一根煤气管道后，地下管线星罗棋布、四方延伸。为有效保证地下管线科学、文明敷设，为科学、合理地开发和利用城市地下空间，上海市测绘院对老的地下管线进行开井测量，对新埋设的管线进行三维跟踪测量，及时采集埋设在地下的各类管线，使管线管理信息系统有了可靠和现势性较强的地下管线资料。
上海测绘事业在改革发展的浪潮中持续推进，各家测绘单位在精神文明、物质文明、政治文明上不断取得新成就。近年来，上海的测绘工程项目多次获得国家科技进步一等奖、全国优秀勘察金奖、上海市科技进步奖、中国测绘学会优秀测绘工程奖等一系列工程奖项。此外，还涌现出了全国劳动模范、全国三八红旗手、全国青年文明号等一批先进个人与集体，标志着测绘人才队伍建设已迈上新台阶。
伴随着测绘文化建设在上海测绘行业中的不断兴起与发展，上海测绘人愈加感到了全面协调可持续发展的重要性。今年，《国家测绘局关于加强测绘文化建设的意见》出台，上海市测绘管理办公室通过深入研究，制定出台了《关于加强本市测绘行业测绘文化建设的意见》，为上海的测绘文化建设搭建起了实践平台。
可以预见，充满朝气的上海测绘事业必将在历史新起点上再铸辉煌。
Services Shanghai Urban Construction
Shanghai Surveying and Mapping 60 years the cause of the development process, is an urban construction in Shanghai with the start of a glorious chapter in the development. 60 years, Shanghai surveying and mapping service support continuous improvement, survey and mapping industry, supervision and continued to increase scientific and technological innovation after another survey and mapping, surveying and mapping industry is advancing with giant strides with a firm pace.
Surveying and Mapping has expanded steadily
Founding of New China, Shanghai, only a few a few pieces of mapping team, primarily engaged in the basic topographic map measurements. Until September 1963 Shanghai River Engineering Bureau of the survey team and the aids to navigation vessels to form a new Shanghai River Engineering Bureau beacon survey team, the Shanghai team was measuring the development from the ground to the water. Beginning of the 20th century, 90 years, all departments are scrambling to develop the geological, geotechnical and other resources of economic, for the protection of early exploration, emerged out of the Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey, Geotechnical Engineering Investigation and Design Institute of Shanghai and some other units.
Mid-and late 90s, Shanghai, the rapid economic and social development, roads, bridges, railways and other infrastructure competing launched, mapping teams to protect the process of building the infrastructure be further developed. During this period, the state of the oceans, land, increasing the management of urban construction, relying on authorities such as the formation of the Shanghai Research Institute of the East China Sea marine engineering survey and design, geotechnical engineering testing center in Shanghai, Shanghai Municipal Engineering Survey and Design Co., Ltd., Shanghai Xiang Yang Water Conservancy Survey and Design Co., Ltd., surveying and mapping units, these units through the restructuring and reorganizing, and slowly took the road of independent development.
The late 90s to engage in real estate surveying and mapping, navigation, electronic maps, geographical information systems engineering and other business units of measurement are emerging. As the national mapping agency of the implementation of a comprehensive unified supervision of surveying and mapping qualifications, Shanghai, many of the original distributed in various departments of surveying and mapping units, one after another into the unified management of surveying and mapping qualifications, and have made significant development.
At present, the Shanghai A total of 132 mapping units. Among them, class-mapping unit 16, mapping unit 42 B and C mapping unit 62, D-level mapping unit 12, professional surveying and mapping more than 7,000 employees. 60 years, the mapping team achieved something out of nothing and then to expand the development process.
Shanghai GPS base station data dissemination and application systems to be fully applied
Mapping to further improve the management
In 1950, Lands, Survey and Mapping Office was established in Shanghai. Two years later, the Bureau and the Shanghai Municipal Construction Committee, the merger of public housing management offices, the establishment of the Shanghai Municipal Real Estate Administration, consists of measuring Corps. In 1959, renamed as the Shanghai Urban Construction Bureau Survey Corps. In 1978, renamed the Survey and Mapping Office in Shanghai. In 1987, the Survey and Mapping Office in Shanghai, Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute and Shanghai into the Survey and Mapping Agency, the implementation of two leadership groups, a brand management system. In 1994, the Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Management Office was renamed as Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Management Office. The improvement of regulatory agencies, mapping and regulations have been gradually perfected, the administration of the full implementation, so that Shanghai has entered a rapid development of surveying and mapping industry track.
In recent years, Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Management Office with reality, issued a series of laws and regulations with the national mapping dovetail Shanghai embodies the characteristics of laws and regulations. Among them, the lead in formulating China's first urban planning checks for standardizing measurement methods, procedures, tools and technologies mandatory standards - "Construction Planning, testing standards," put the country's first local mapping mapping system of quality management requirements - "Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Quality Management regulations." In order to further improve the administrative licensing procedures, has issued the "Shanghai Surveying and Mapping provides administrative licensing examination and approval procedures," "Shanghai Surveying and Mapping technology standards for assessing quality management system," "Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Results Data File Management System assessment criteria" and other regulatory documents. At the same time, further improve the normative, orderly and transparent system of work and internal work processes to achieve mapping management information and mapping public administrative permission, which greatly improved the quality and efficiency of administration. In 1995, the first mapping Shanghai local regulations - "Regulations of Shanghai Surveying and Mapping," was formally promulgated. In 2009, "Shanghai People's Government on Further Strengthening the implementation of the views of the city surveying and mapping work," the promulgation of a clear mapping the future direction of development of Shanghai, and to ensure sound and fast development of surveying and mapping industry has played a catalytic role.
Results of quality management in the mapping, surveying and mapping management office in Shanghai organized each year to 20% of the mapping unit quality system operation status and mapping projects in the annual quality supervision and inspection, each year the organization targeted to a surveying and mapping professional project conduct a special inspection so as to urge the surveying and mapping units in efforts to improve the mapping quality.
Qualification in the management of surveying and mapping, Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Management Office issued in line with Shanghai mapping technology and practical production of "Shanghai C and D class mapping qualification standards" to improve the mapping qualification entry criteria. The standard mapping for optimizing Shanghai team structure, and the strict mapping market access, improve the technical level of Shanghai mapping units to form a rational mapping team structure and market-oriented mode of operation of great significance.
China's first cross-sea bridge - the East China Sea Bridge, the completion of surveying and mapping people's hard work can not be separated
Significantly increased the level of Surveying and Mapping Technology
With the development of high-tech surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping mode of production has undergone tremendous change. Especially since the reform and opening up, Shanghai and the mapping units to fully draw on the world's advanced mapping technology has changed the backward modes of production, the gradual shift from analog to digital mapping mapping, combined with application of aerial remote sensing, surveying and mapping production efficiency doubled and redoubled.
Raising the level of mapping technology, first of all reflected in the mapping unit of Shanghai on the apparatus and equipment replacement. Field from 60 years ago, tape measure, to an electronic measuring instrument, to the digital measuring instrument, total station, precision leveling, the modern high-precision GPS positioning equipment, modern measurement of ships at sea, multi-beam Echo Sounder, lateral sonar, shallow stratigraphic section and marine magnetometer instrument of large-scale mapping and other advanced equipment, high-precision depth sounder, intelligent mapping system, etc., Shanghai mapping units generally used the latest mapping equipment, greatly reducing the work cycle, improved work efficiency.
Self-construction of Surveying and Mapping Institute, Shanghai, Shanghai GPS base station data dissemination and application of the system is one of the few integrated into the urban infrastructure mapping system and set of standardized management, integrated application and commercialization of running on one operating system, one of the reference station. The system is based on mapping, to achieve large-scale production at the same time, has been widely used in astronomy, meteorology, surveying, electric power and other industries and social users, to achieve a certain degree of social and economic benefits. Systems built with the extensive application of spatial location in Shanghai benchmark service systems and service the way of the revolutionary changes.
Measurement Technology in the sea, the Shanghai Hai measuring unit charts the introduction of international advanced production database systems (HPD) technology, the preparation of charts, and gradually establish and perfect the production of hydrographic surveys for China HPD production and management system. At the same time, sea and measuring unit is also self-developed marine hydrological information system within the system for maritime, telecommunications, water, petrochemical, flood control, shipping, ocean monitoring and control a number of other industries provide accurate and timely hydrological and meteorological information, but also for emergency decision-making and emergency Relief of command to provide strong technical support and scientific basis.
With the Shanghai Metro construction project progresses, the Shanghai underground detection and monitoring technology have greatly improved. Such as Shanghai Jinghai Engineering Technology section of tunnel measurements in-depth study that the proposed central angle in order to expand as the horizontal axis to chord length variation of the vertical axis to show the convergence of the tunnel cross-section deformation formulation for domestic first. Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey in the traditional pit monitoring technology based on innovation and deformation monitoring technology, first developed automated monitoring technology, and through integration of manual monitoring techniques, automated monitoring and remote transmission technology, developed a comprehensive monitoring information system, further enhance the monitoring of the level of information on the work.
Shanghai Hai measuring unit to introduce the world's leading database systems Chart Production (HPD) technology, the preparation of charts
The growing capacity for surveying and mapping services to protect
After the liberation of Shanghai, surveying and mapping industry developed rapidly and complete. The early 50s of last century the city established a uniform plane and elevation control network to carry out large areas of terrain measurement, the standard of measurement and channel measurements. The last century, 60 years has carried out monitoring of surface subsidence measurements. The mapping and the preparation of a variety of maps and charts, covering land and waters of the city. With the international metropolis Shanghai to further speed up the process of building, surveying and mapping services, the level of protection continues to increase.
Today, the Shanghai-based topographic data update cycles continue to shorten, the latest from the "234" sped up to "0512", that is the basis of topographic data from the 1:500 update cycle shortened to two years six months; 1:1000 basis of topographic data from the 3-year update cycle shortened to one year, 1:2000 topographic base data update cycle from four years to two years, significantly protects the urban planning, construction and management of basic topographic data of the current potential requirements. At the same time, Shanghai has established a base eight geographic database-driven database, so that surveying and mapping products from the digital transition to the information and rich digital products to enable mapping coverage from the previous single, urban construction, planning departments, government agencies and the national steering economic development in various fields has become a Shanghai city informatization strategy important information resources, while providing for people's daily basic geographic information services.
To promote a strong foundation in surveying and mapping, surveying and mapping services to Shanghai for the various types of major construction projects, provided a strong guarantee. Reform and opening up more than 30 years, the rapid development of Shanghai urban construction, have launched major projects, Nanpu Bridge, Yangpu Bridge, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, rail transportation, airport construction, magnetic levitation, Baosteel and New Jinshan petrochemical plants and expansion of Yangshan Port in Pudong , East China Sea Bridge, Yangtze River Crossing, Expo Area, Hongqiao integrated transport hub, etc., behind almost every major project have condensed the wisdom and efforts of the Survey and Mapping.
In 2002, the commitment by the Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute of the Shanghai maglev line engineering survey project achieved a world-class ± 1 mm accuracy. Accurate results guaranteed the smooth progress of construction of Shanghai maglev, but also praised the Chinese and foreign experts say tut. In 2005, China's first long-distance cross-sea bridge - the bridge length of 32.5 km of the East China Sea to achieve Completed. Donghai Bridge because of its special geographical location, it involves high-precision sea-elevation pass technical difficulty at home and abroad was rare. Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute researchers through the thematic research, successfully passed to 30 km altitude the outer island areas, mapping the level of integrated technology applications innovative, reached the international advanced level. In 2008, in a tunneling shield the longest cross-river channel of the Shanghai Chongming Tunnel Through Survey Engineering, Shanghai mapping was again overcome difficulties and create a link up a new record accuracy of 2.5 cm.
The World Expo in 2010 will be the construction site, the Shanghai Surveying and Mapping in every major venue and the overall construction of the park has played a role in the military first. Expo elevation plane control network measurement, the World Expo Park-axis measurement and measurement of all the road works, the Expo Village, the National Museum, the World Expo Performing Arts Center construction project planning the whole process of acceptance of measurement of the current all the others are in full swing.
In recent years, the rapid development of Shanghai measurement of underground pipelines. Underground pipeline, as the city's critical infrastructure, the city's survival and development of the lifeline. Shanghai since the first roots planted in 1864, after gas pipes, underground pipelines spread, the Quartet extension. Underground pipeline to ensure effective scientific, civilized laying, for scientific and rational development and utilization of urban underground space, the Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute of the old underground pipeline at an open wells measured for the new pipeline laid three-dimensional tracking and timely collection planted in all kinds of underground pipelines, so that a reliable pipeline management information systems and the current trend of a strong underground pipeline data.
Shanghai Surveying and Mapping the cause of the wave of the reform and development continues to advance, individual mapping units in the spiritual civilization and material civilization, political civilization, constantly made new achievements. In recent years, Shanghai's mapping project has won the first prize of scientific and technological progress, the National Survey of outstanding gold medal, Shanghai Scientific and Technological Progress Award, Chinese Society of Surveying and Mapping Surveying and Mapping Engineering Award for Outstanding awards and a series of projects. In addition, the emergence of a national labor model, the National 38 red-banner pacesetter, the National Youth Civilization and a number of advanced individual and collective marks surveying and mapping personnel construction has entered a new stage.
Along with mapping and cultural construction surveying and mapping industry in Shanghai, the constant rise and development of Shanghai people are becoming increasingly aware mapping of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development. This year, the "State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Surveying and Mapping cultural building on the strengthening of opinions" issued in Shanghai Surveying and Mapping management office through in-depth research, formulated "on the strengthening of the city survey and mapping industry views of Surveying and Mapping cultural construction" for Shanghai's cultural construction erected in the surveying and mapping of practice platform.
It can be predicted, full of vigor Shanghai mapping program will be a new historical starting point excel again.
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