作者：赵凡

经济社会的发展，离不开地质矿产事业的基础支撑。新中国成立60年来，中国地质矿产事业伴随着新中国一起成长，一代代地质矿产事业工作者发扬“以献身地质事业为荣，以艰苦奋斗为荣，以找矿立功为荣”的精神，为国家找资源、管资源。曾经矿产资源家底不清的国家，如今已被公认为世界矿产资源大国之一。地质找矿不断实现重大突破，矿产资源管理法制机制不断完善，地质环境建设和保护日益加强，地质科技进步和创新成效显著，中国地质矿产事业在60年间，为祖国的经济社会发展提供了保障和支撑，作出了卓越的贡献。

地质找矿不断实现重大突破

在老一代人的词汇中，也许还保留着“洋钉”这个词，它见证着旧中国矿产资源的极度匮乏。

60年前，中国的地质工作几乎是一片空白。

统计表明，1949年，我国探明储量的矿产只有2种，矿山300座，矿产品极端匮乏。产量更是少得可怜，原油年产量只有12万吨。

新中国的诞生，开启了地质矿产事业一个崭新的时代。60年来，我国地质找矿不断实现重大突破，矿产资源管理和地质环境建设日益加强。

60年过去，今天的中国，情况发生了翻天覆地的变化：已发现矿产171种，其中有探明储量的159种、矿产地2万多处，铅锌、钨、锡、锑、稀土、菱镁矿、石膏、石墨、重晶石等储量居世界第一位。我国已探明矿产资源总量居世界前列，矿产资源开采总量居世界第二位，成为世界矿产资源大国之一。

中国地质矿产事业的大发展，成就了中国矿业的繁荣，为中国经济60年的大发展、大跨越，作出了不可替代的巨大贡献。

我国目前90％左右的一次能源、80％以上的工业原材料、70％以上的农业生产资料、30％以上的工业和居民用水来自于矿产资源。

全国建成大中型矿山企业1万多个，小型矿山企业11万多个，从业人员800多万人。300多座城市因矿崛起，大庆、攀枝花、平顶山、金昌、白银、嘉峪关等矿业城市为地质工作者树碑。

60年来，我国基本建立了适应社会主义市场经济发展的矿产资源法律法规和规划体系，初步形成了符合我国国情、相对集中统一的矿产资源管理体系，初步建立了矿产资源有偿使用制度和矿业权市场机制，矿产资源勘查开发投资环境进一步改善。

中国地质矿产事业的发展，从一开始就与中国工业化、城市化建设进步联系在一起，并且在其中发挥了巨大的服务作用。

早在20世纪50年代，水文地质工程地质工作为百废待兴的新中国各项基础设施建设提供服务，相继开展了成昆铁路、成渝铁路，三峡工程大坝、大亚湾核电站等国家重大基础设施建设工程选线、选址工程地质论证，为在新中国的“白纸”上绘出最新最美的图画，提供了科学的支撑。

20世纪70年代，配合国家农业水利发展，开展农田供水水文地质勘查和城市供水水文地质勘查，中国地质人通过自己的努力工作，勘查寻找了一大批集中供水水源地，解决了北方主要农产区农业灌溉用水问题和北方主要城市供水问题。

改革开放以来，我国地质矿产领域的科学家和管理工作者将传统水文地质工程地质学科普遍运用于国家经济建设的基础上，推动了环境地质学科向多领域拓展服务对象，更加主动地为国家建设服务，成为社会进步中不可或缺的重要力量。

地质灾害防治成为国家防灾减灾工作的重要领域并取得显著成效。三峡库区、青藏铁路等重点工程的地质灾害评价、调查和防治取得重要成果，有力地支持了国家重点工程的建设。与此同时，在全国广大农村开展地质灾害隐患点的调查，建立群测群防地质灾害的监测体系，并不断加以完善。目前，全国545个县（市）建立地质灾害预警网络，建立群测群防监测点1万多个，完成1640多个山区丘陵县市地质灾害调查，摸清10万多处地质灾害隐患分布。

地质环境管理为国家建设可持续发展提供服务。开展地下水资源调查与监测，在严重缺水地区找水，300多万群众饮水困难得到解决，被人民群众誉为“生命工程”；探明全国地下淡水可开采资源，保障北方重点城市的70％和南方重点城市的20％以地下水为主要供水源；建立全国地下水环境监测点2，3847个，实现监控面积100万平方公里。

城市地质和农业地质在国民经济建设中发挥了重要作用。北京、上海、天津等城市建立三维地质结构模型，地质资料信息服务集群化、产业化，为城市规划、地下空间利用、工程建设、地质灾害防治、土地质量与后备资源评价等提供基础地质支撑。

推进矿山地质环境保护和地质公园建设。29个省(区、市)建立矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度；批准建立28处国家矿山公园；建立20个世界地质公园、138个国家地质公园，我国成为世界地质公园最多的国家。

地质科技进步和创新成效显著

60年来，中国地质科技进步不断地谱写地质找矿新篇章，充分展现科技创新对地质找矿突破的重大影响。我国从地学大国已经开始冲击地学强国，中国地质科学在全球地质科学上的地位不断提高。

中国地学理论不断创新，创立了地质力学，提出陆相生油理论和多期多层生储油论，确立“新风成学说”；建立地质构造气候科学、矿产资源定量预测理论及方法体系等。

正是因为这些理论的建立，中国才能够依靠自己的力量，在国家最需要矿产资源的时刻，找到大油田，找到大矿山。

今天，我们正以勘查技术进步和地质理论突破为主线，集中展示地质找矿从浅部到深部，从肉眼识别到地球物理、地球化学、遥感精细勘查；从一般矿种到金矿、钨钼矿、铂族矿、锂矿、水合物等重大突破；从陆地到海洋，从地面路线到空中勘查、卫星遥感的跨越式发展。

随着60年的发展进步，中国地质科学在国际上的地位日益提高，中国基础地质研究某些领域已经达到国际领先水平。

地质人才也在不断发展。新中国成立初期，我国地质科技人员仅有200多名，目前有中国科学院地学部院士196名，中国工程院能源与矿业工程学部院士102名。

地质找矿的仪器装备在60年间发生了巨大的变化。地质技术装备水平不断提高，50年代地质队员野外勘查，使用的是罗盘、地质锤、放大镜“老三件”。

近年来，卫星、航空遥感、GPS、远程会商等现代技术广泛应用于地质工作。

对外合作我们越来越自信

60年来，中国地质矿产事业在对外合作交流中不断发展自己，中国地质矿产事业引起全球的关注，在全球地质矿产事业的事务中，中国人拥有了越来越多的话语权。

1976年8月，新中国成立后我国地质矿产领域代表团第一次比较正式地参加国际地质大会，中国的合法席位正是在这次会议上得以恢复。1996年，在全球地质矿产事业处在低谷时期，第30届国际地质大会在北京国际贸易中心隆重召开并获得了空前的成功。中国认识了世界地学，世界地学更认识了中国。此后，随着全球地矿事业的发展，特别是地矿事业的飞跃，中国地质矿产事业从学习借鉴起步，不断成熟，自我内力不断提升。

借鉴外国矿业管理经验，具有市场经济特色的《矿法》及其细则，在1996年之后颁布实施，并在此后的实践中不断改进；借助越来越广泛的国际合作，中国地质科学取得了丰硕的成果；频繁地参与国际会议，中国终于学会了搭建自己的地质矿产领域的国际合作平台，中国国际矿业大会经过10年打磨，已经成为在世界上叫得响的矿业品牌会议；由于广泛地研究和不断地摸索，中国矿业市场在“引进来”和“走出去”的实践中逐步成熟。

新中国60年，中国地质矿产事业从小到大，从弱到强。这个事业的发展，既是国家不断进步的产物，也在自身欣欣向荣、蓬勃发展的过程中，为祖国的发展、民族的崛起作出了重要的贡献。

Economic and social development is inseparable from the cause of geology and mineral resources base at home. New China was founded 60 years ago, the cause of Geology and Mineral Resources of China together with China to grow with the new generations of workers to carry forward the cause of Geology and Mineral Resources "to dedicate themselves to the cause of pride in geology, to take pride in working hard to be proud of prospecting meritorious service" spirit, in order to countries to find resources, management of resources. Mineral resources, family property had been unclear countries, now has been recognized as one of the world's mineral resources. Continued to achieve major breakthroughs in geological prospecting, mineral resources management, legal mechanisms for continuous improvement of geo-environmental construction and protection of the increasing, geological and technological progress and innovation in remarkable achievements, China's geology and mineral industry in 60 years, as the country's economic and social development has provided protection and support and made outstanding contributions.

Continued to achieve major breakthroughs in geological prospecting

In the vocabulary of the older generation, perhaps still preserved "foreign nails" is the word, which witnessed the old China, the extreme scarcity of mineral resources.

60 years ago, China's geological work was almost a blank.

Statistics show that in 1949, China's proven reserves of minerals that only two kinds, 300 mines, minerals of extreme deprivation. Production is even more pitiful, crude oil output is only 12 million tons.

The birth of new China, the cause of Geology and Mineral Resources opened a new era. 60 years, China has continued to achieve major breakthroughs in geological prospecting, mineral resource management and increasing the geological environment.

Over the past 60 years, today's China, the situation has undergone enormous changes: 171 kinds of minerals have been found, including 159 kinds of proven reserves, mineral 20000 many, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earths, magnesite ore, gypsum, graphite, barite and other rank first in the world. China has proved highest in the world the total mineral resources, mineral resources exploitation total ranks second in the world, becoming one of the world's mineral resources.

China's great cause of geology and mineral resources development, and achievements in China's mining boom for China's economy 60 years of great development, great leap forward made a great contribution irreplaceable.

At present about 90% of China's primary energy, 80% of industrial raw materials, more than 70% of the agricultural means of production, more than 30% of the industrial and residential use of water from the mineral resources.

China built more than 10,000 large and medium mining enterprises, more than 110,000 small-scale mining enterprises, employing more than 800 million people. More than 300 cities rise due to mining, Daqing, Panzhihua, Pingdingshan, Jinchang, silver, Jiayuguan geologists and other mining cities in the tree monument.

60 years, China has basically established a socialist market economy and the development of mineral resources laws and regulations and the planning system, initially formed in line with China's national conditions, the relative concentration of mineral resources in a unified management system, initially established a system of paid use of mineral resources and mining rights market mechanism for mineral resources exploration and development to further improve the investment environment.

To the development of geology and mineral resources in China, from the beginning with China's industrialization and urbanization, construction progress, linked, and which played a huge role in the service.

Early in the 20th century, 50's, Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology work left undone in the new China of the infrastructure to provide services, have been carrying out the Chengdu-Kunming Railway, Chengdu-Chongqing Railway, the Three Gorges dam, the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station and other major state-based facility construction project siting, site engineering geology demonstration in the new China's "white paper" on the latest plotted the most beautiful pictures, has provided scientific support.

The 20th century, 70's, with the national agricultural water development, water supply to carry out hydro-geological survey of farmland and urban water supply hydro-geological survey, the Chinese people through their own efforts of geological work, prospecting and looking for a large number of centralized water supply sources to solve the North Main agricultural areas in northern agricultural irrigation water issues and water supply problems in major cities.

Since the reform and opening up, China's scientists in the field of geology and mineral resources and management of workers in the traditional disciplines Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology widely applied on the basis of national economic construction and promote the field of environmental geology to expand to a multi-disciplinary service targets, a more proactive services for nation-building has become indispensable to social progress in an important force.

Geological disaster prevention a national disaster prevention and mitigation of the important areas of work and achieved remarkable results. The Three Gorges reservoir area, the Qinghai-Tibet railway and other key engineering geological disaster evaluation, investigation and prevention of important results, strongly supported the construction of national key projects. In the meantime, the country risks of geological disasters in the vast rural areas to carry out the survey points to establish mass monitoring and preventing geological disasters in the monitoring system, and continue to be improved. At present, 545 counties (cities) the establishment of geological hazards early warning network, the establishment of mass monitoring and preventing more than 10,000 monitoring points completed over 1640 investigations of geological disasters in mountainous hilly counties and cities, 100,000 to find out the distribution of various geological disaster risks.

Geological environment for national construction management services for sustainable development. To carry out survey and monitoring of groundwater resources in the severe water deficient areas in search of water more than 300 million people drinking water difficulties have been resolved, were the people described as "life project"; proven recoverable fresh groundwater resources in the country to protect the major cities in the north of the 70 % and 20% of the southern key cities on groundwater as the main water supply source; to establish a national groundwater monitoring points 2,3847 months, monitor and control an area of 1 million square kilometers.

Urban geology and agriculture, geology in the national economy played an important role in the building. Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and other cities to establish three-dimensional model of the geological structure, geological data and information services, clustering, industrialization, urban planning, underground space utilization, construction, geological disaster prevention, land quality and back-up resources to provide the basis for evaluation of geological support .

To promote environmental protection, mine geology and geological park construction. 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to establish a mine restoration deposit system for environmental governance; approved the establishment of 28 National Mine Park; to establish 20 world geological parks, 138 national geological parks, Geoparks in China become the world's largest country.

Scientific and technological progress and innovation in the geological achieved remarkable results in

60 years, China Geo-science and technology continue to write a new chapter in the geological prospecting, full of scientific and technological innovation breakthroughs in geological prospecting significant impact. China's great power from the ground has begun to study the impact of geo-power, China geological science in the global status of geological science continues to increase.

China to innovation theory, the creation of geological mechanics, proposed land facies oil generation theory and the theory of multi-phase multi-layer reservoir of Health to establish the "new wind into the theory"; the establishment of climate science, geological structure, mineral resources, quantitative prediction theory and methodology and so on.

It is precisely because the establishment of these theories, the Chinese will be able to rely on their own force in the country's most mineral resources, the time needed to find big oil fields, to find big mines.

Today, we are exploration and technological advancement and breakthroughs in the main line of geological theory, focus on displaying the geological prospecting from the superficial to deep, from the naked eye identification to geophysics, geochemistry, remote sensing fine exploration; minerals from the general to the gold, tungsten and molybdenum ore, platinum group minerals, lithium minerals, hydrates and other major breakthrough; from land to ocean, from the ground line to the aerial survey, satellite remote sensing by leaps and bounds.

With 60 years of development and progress, Geology in China's international status is rising, China's basic geological research in some areas has reached international advanced level.

Geological talent is constantly evolving. The early days of New China, China Geological just over 200 scientific and technical personnel, there are currently 196 Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth Science Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering Division of Energy and Mining Engineering Academy 102.

Geological prospecting instruments and equipment in 60 years, has undergone tremendous changes. Geological technology and equipment has improved continuously, 50 years of geological field survey team, using a compass, geological hammer, magnifying glass, "youngest pieces."

In recent years, satellite, aerial remote sensing, GPS, remote consultation, and other modern technology is widely used in geological work.

We are increasingly confident foreign cooperation

60 years, the cause of geology and mineral resources in China in foreign cooperation and exchange in the continuous development of its own, the cause of geology and mineral resources in China caused by a global concern, the cause of geology and mineral resources in the global affairs, the Chinese people have more and more right to speak.

In August 1976, founding of new China the field of geology and mineral resources in China after the first time, an official delegation to participate in the International Geological Congress, China's legitimate seat at this meeting is to resume. In 1996, the cause of geology and mineral resources at the global trough period of the 30th International Geological Congress in Beijing grand opening of the International Trade Center and received an unprecedented success. China recognized the world to learn, the world to learn more aware of China. Since then, as the global cause of Geology and Mineral development, especially in the cause of Geology and Mineral leap from China to learn from the cause of geology and mineral resources start becoming more mature, self-rising internal force.

Learn from foreign mining management experience, with a market economy characterized by "Mine Act" and its rules in 1996, after the promulgation and implementation, and thereafter in the practice of continuous improvement; with more and more extensive international cooperation, China has made great geological sciences results; frequent participation in international conferences, China has finally learned to build their own field of geology and mineral resources of international cooperation platform, China International Mining Conference After 10 years of grinding, has become the world's mining industry are well-known brands meetings; due to the widespread study and constant trial and error, the Chinese mining market, "bringing in" and "going out" in the practice of gradually mature.

60 years of New China, China's geology and mineral industry from small to large, from weak to strong. The development of the cause, the progress of both countries keep a product, but also its own thriving and vigorous in the process of the country's development, the rise of the nation has made important contributions.