60年来，中国地图制图技术在变，地图的内容在变，地图的表示方法在变，地图的品种也在变，地图的服务方式更是在变。

　　“测绘是干啥的？”“测绘就是画地图的吧？”这也许是很多人对测绘的最草根的理解。“我们人类活动都在地球表面进行，要对地面进行勘测、施行一些工程之后还要进行一些管理，所以一定要对地表面进行测绘。”中国工程院院士刘先林说，“测绘就是把地球搬回家。”

　　“图”变

　　新疆维吾尔自治区基础地理信息中心张意玲回忆，早先的制图，是在裱糊好的锌板上先晒蓝图或棕图，然后把所用资料用卡规、扎规等工具转绘到晒蓝图或晒棕图上，再用小笔尖、圆规、单曲线笔、双曲线笔等工具沾上黑、绿、红、黄、蓝等墨水进行描绘，描绘的要素包括控制点、居民地、水系、道路、境界、植被等。

　　“记得那时在办公楼的一楼晒蓝图，先把要熏的图纸一张张卷起来放在熏图筒里，倒上氨水再放在电炉上蒸10分钟左右打开盖子通风晾干，就像蒸馒头似的。”张意玲说，“强烈的氨水气味对人体有害，由于怕被氨水气熏着，在倒氨水的时候都闭上眼睛不敢呼吸。”

　　从小在新疆军区测绘大队长大的张意玲，对于制图技术几十年来的改变感触颇深，“现在用计算机制图，手里握的不再是小笔尖，只需操纵鼠标和键盘。作业效率成倍提高，地形要素按层表示，图面信息丰富，在计算机上能随意放大和缩小来进行判读。从前制作一幅成品图需要一个月甚至几个月，而现在利用计算机软件制图一个月就可以出几幅成品图。现在再也不用闻那刺鼻的氨气来熏图，只需要把地图数据传到绘图机就可以打印出线条清晰、色彩丰富的各种比例尺地图。”

　　制图技术在改变，地图展示方式也在悄然变化。从纸质到电子、从二维到三维、从静态到动态，地图正一步步“炫”起来。电子地图作为地理信息的载体之一，更是活跃于互联网。地图因测绘技术的改变发生着翻天覆地的变化，人类对地图研究对象的认识在变，地图制图技术在变，地图的内容在变，地图的表示方法在变，地图的品种也在变，地图的服务方式更是在变。

　　而“给地球搬家”的测绘户外作业人员，60年来感受的变迁更是巨大。数字化测绘测量员装备有GPS接收机、PDA数码调绘系统等设备。测量人员走到野外的任何一个地方，都可以自动测量出该点的三维坐标，再也不受气候、时段、地域的影响。

　　20世纪六七十年代，中国开始使用进口的精密光学装置进行航空测量；到了80年代末，中国自行研制的解析测图仪开始逐步取代进口设备；90年代中期，由王之卓院士提出的全数字化测图系统，先后由张祖勋院士和刘先林院士开发出来，进一步舍弃了光学和精密设备，用计算机完成整个过程的工作，被认为是对传统测绘工作的一次革命。2007年5月，刘先林又主持完成了赶超世界先进水平的国产SWDC数字航摄仪的研制工作。原先进口的数字航摄仪价格极为昂贵，一套1600多万元，而由刘先林主持研制的这套“土”设备，售价只要400多万元。

　　一个测绘人的30年

　　1956年10月，国家测绘总局成立，原总参测绘局局长陈外欧将军调任国家测绘总局局长，同时抽调了一部分总参测绘局的测绘力量，共2000多人，以及相应的仪器设备，组建成国家测绘队伍。

　　李朋德是全国人大代表、国家测绘局地图技术审查中心主任，从事测绘工作近30年，他对于信息技术与中国测绘事业发展的关系感受深切。

　　“1979年参加高考后，因为特别喜欢数学，我就填报了武汉测绘学院的大地测量和工程测量专业。等拿到录取通知时才知道被计算技术基础师资班录取，非常迷惑，当时还不知道计算技术是什么专业。”李朋德回忆说，那时感觉两门学科八竿子打不着，一个有着测绘梦想的青年学上了计算机专业，简直就是“误入歧途”。

　　李明德回忆，手摇计算机和算盘曾经是测绘的主要计算工具，20世纪80年代开始用上计算机，但计算机很昂贵，须要一栋小楼和很多技术人员服务，当时可以说是一种大型机器。毕业后被分配到河南省测绘局电算加密组工作的李朋德，在单位根本没有见到计算机的影子，倒是看到了立体坐标量测仪和纸带穿孔机，这让他大失所望，觉得跟计算机专业相去太远，甚至后来还产生离职的念头。

　　但是当时的领导安慰他说：“计算机一定会在测绘领域发挥大作用的！”这句话后来被得到了印证。不久，河南省测绘局就申请到专项资金，投入近200万元人民币，引进当时世界上最先进的解析测图仪和解析正射投影仪。这套仪器利用小型计算机进行科学计算并控制光学机械系统，得到线划地图和正射影像图，实现了计算机辅助生产的初级数字化，大大提高了几何精度和生产效率。李朋德迅速成为解析航空摄影测量的技术骨干，并在20世纪90年代亲历了全数字化摄影测量工作站的投入使用。

　　进入20世纪90年代以后，信息化浪潮带来了全球数字化测绘体系建设高潮。1993年，国务院批准国家测绘局“三定”方案，规定国家测绘局为国务院下设的统筹规划管理全国测绘工作的政府职能部门，并恢复为副部级。李朋德1992年年底从荷兰留学获得GIS（地理信息系统）专业硕士学位回国时，GIS在中国还处于研究和试验阶段。不过之后不久，GIS建设很快就在国内崭露头角了，中国的地图数字化工作拉开帷幕，李明德回忆，当时主要用手扶数字化仪对1：25万地形图开展数字化，还有首都和沿海发达城市开展大比例尺的地图数字化。

　　1995年，中国与澳大利亚签约，合作建设海南国土资源基础信息系统项目，这是中国第一个省级基础地理信息系统，整个工程预算6000多万元。李朋德应邀参加该项目负责技术工作，这一项目充分利用了国际上最新的计算机、网络、全数字摄影测量等技术，建立了基础地理信息数据库，1998年竣工验收时，被誉为中国全面开展数字化测绘体系建设的新篇章。

　　1998年，首届“数字地球”国际会议在北京召开，以RS、GPS和GIS为代表的“3S技术”也开始被更多人了解，随着地理信息的不断积累和丰富，数字区域在全国各地开始建设，测绘作为公共服务需要转变到以服务为出发点和落脚点，测绘要从以“建”为中心，快速转向以“管”为中心，逐步迈向以“用”为中心。当时的李朋德，又一猛子扎到“数字陕西”的建设工作中。他感慨到，当年“误入歧途”所学的计算机技术，现在与测绘已经难舍难分，高档计算机、大型服务器、磁带库、磁盘阵列、图形工作站、全数字摄影测量工作站、航片扫描仪、大型绘图仪，以及遥感图像处理、地理信息系统、数据库管理等工具已经成为测绘工作者如影随形的工具。

　　从计算机辅助的解析测绘，到基于网络的数字化测绘，再到面向服务的信息化测绘，李朋德一路走来，如今，他又在国家测绘局地图技术审查中心，负责公开地图、导航地图和互联网电子地图的内容审查。在2009年的两会上，李朋德递交了《关于建立国家地理信息公共服务平台的建议》、《关于建立国家互联网地图与地理信息监管平台的建议》等7份提案，这些都是他长期思考的结晶，更显示出测绘功能的延伸，它的外延已经扩展到整个地理信息产业。

　　测绘蹦出窄圈圈

　　测绘在人们眼里，一直被认为是个范围较窄且很专业的领域，但许多新兴的基于空间位置服务的社会应用，都离不开测绘做保障，测绘为城市信息化提供保障体现在许多方面，包括城市电子政务与行业信息化建设、社区信息化、城市电子商务与智能交通、城市公众信息服务等。

　　测绘发挥的保障作用，在2008年得到爆发性显示：地震突发，灾区航拍图大显身手；冰雪来袭，测绘信息化辅助电力部门迅速“康复” ；2008年北京奥运会，从电子地图，到北京食品安全追溯系统、奥运智能交通系统、奥运场馆消防灭火数字预案系统、奥运中心区雨水收集系统，信息化测绘更是大展拳脚。

　　2009年，国务院通过了新国家测绘局“三定”方案，其中增加了“监督管理地理信息获取与应用”的职能，并批准成立“地理信息与地图司（测绘成果管理司）”后，地理信息产业链上的企业才算找到了“娘家”，地理信息与地图司今后一项重要职责就是“指导地理信息应用服务”。国家测绘局被赋予的这项职能让测绘与计算机信息系统更加拉近了关系。2009年8月1日，《基础测绘条例》正式施行，信息化再次被委以重任，相信在不久的将来，普通老百姓都能在国家基础地理信息平台上享受到更好的公共服务了。

　　信息社会下的测绘，外延在不断扩大，再过5年、10年、60年，中国测绘又将变成什么样？

　　国家测绘局历史沿革

　　1956年1月23日，第一届全国人大常委会第三十一次会议根据周恩来总理的建议，批准成立国家测绘总局，作为国务院的一个直属机构。1956年10月，国家测绘总局完成组建工作。

　　1969年，国家测绘总局被撤销。1973年，根据周恩来总理的批示，决定重建国家测绘总局。

　　1982年，国务院决定将国家测绘总局改称国家测绘局，原有职能和工作任务不变。

　　1993年，国家测绘局成为国务院下设的统筹规划管理全国测绘工作的政府职能部门，由建设部归口管理，并恢复为副部级。

　　1998年，国家测绘局划归国土资源部管理，成为主管全国测绘事业的行政机构。

　　中国测绘行业60年闪光点（1）

　　国家大地基准建立

　　20世纪90年代以来，国家有关部门联合建立了2000国家GPS大地控制网，2003年通过联合处理建立了中国新一代与国际地球参考系接轨的高精度地心坐标系—“2000中国大地坐标系”。“2000中国大地坐标系”于2008年正式启用，标志着中国大地基准建设进入一个崭新阶段。

　　测绘与地理信息标准体系建设

　　自1959年国家测绘总局和总参测绘局联合发布《大地测量法式（草案）》以来，中国测绘工作步入自主研制标准、逐步形成体系阶段，截至1990年建立了由100多项标准组成并适应模拟测绘生产的测绘标准体系。20世纪90年代的重点是数字化测绘标准研制工作，累计制修订和发布相关标准与规范100余项，有力推动了模拟测绘技术体系向数字化测绘技术体系的变革。2000年以来，测绘标准化工作扩展到地理信息领域，组织研制涉及地理信息数据生产、产品质量、共享交换、应用服务和信息系统建设等方面的标准100余项，正式发布40余项，初步形成了地理信息标准体系框架。

　　国家基础地理信息数据库建设

　　国家基础地理数据库主要包括1:100万数据库、1:25万数据库、1:5万数据库和专题数据库。全国1:100万数据库于1984至1995年建设，主要包括地形数据库、地名数据库、数字高程模型及部分区域试验性重力数据库。全国1:25万基础地理数据库于1996至1998年建设，包括地形数据库、地名数据库和数字高程模型等三个数据库。1999年为防洪救灾建立了七大江河重点防范区1:1万数字高程模型数据库。全国1:5万数据库于1999至2006年建设，包括数字栅格地图数据库（DRG）、数字高程模型（DEM）、数字正射影像数据库（DOM）、核心地形要素数据库（DLG）、地名数据库、土地覆盖数据库、元数据库及数据集成管理系统等。

　　中国测绘行业60年闪光点（2）

　　国家基本比例尺地图覆盖

　　国家基本比例尺地形图包括1:100万、1:50万、1:25万、1:10万、1:5万、1:1万、1:5000和1:2000地形图。全国1:5万地形图测绘始于1951年，1956年开始在全国大规模施测，1964年开始施测与更新并举。截止2005年，共测制1:5万地形图19000余幅，覆盖面积760万平方公里。2006年开始实施“国家西部1:5万地形图空白区测图工程”，陆续测制5000余幅1:5万地形图，覆盖面积200万平方公里。到2010年，中国将实现1:5万地形图陆地国土全覆盖。1:1万地形图测图始于1978年，主要是为了满足全国农业区划和土地资源详查的需要，目前已成为省、区（直辖市）级最主要的基本比例尺地形图。1:1万地形图已测制15万余幅，覆盖面积450多万平方公里，基本覆盖主产粮食与经济作物的平原丘陵地区。

　　国家重力网建设

　　重力数据对于科学研究、卫星发射、远程武器试验具有重大意义。国家重力网是重力测量工作的基准。1954-1957年，中国测绘部门先后布测了27个基本点和80个一等重力点，构成国家基本重力网，称为“1957重力系统”，填补了中国重力基准的空白。1978-1984年，军地测绘部门会同国家有关单位完成了由6个重力基准点、46个重力基本点和163个重力一等点组成的“1985国家重力基本网”，较“1957重力系统”在密度和精度上都有很大提高。1999-2003年，军地测绘部门会同有关单位联合建成了由21个基准点和126个基本点构成的新一代国家重力基准——“2000国家重力基本网”。 “2000国家重力基本网”比较“1985国家重力基本网”，精度显著提高，点位密度和分布更趋合理。

60 years, mapping technology is changing the map of China, the content of the map is changing, the map representation is changing, the map of the species are changing, the map service approach is changing.

"Surveying and mapping is Gansha it?" "Mapping is a draw the map, right?" This is probably a lot of people on the mapping of the most grass-roots understanding. "We are all human activity in the Earth's surface, it is necessary to carry out investigation on the ground, even after the implementation of some projects carried out a number of management, they must be on the ground surface mapping." Chinese Academy of Engineering, Xian-Lin Liu said, "mapping is to the earth to move back home . "


"Map" variable


Xinjiang Geomatics Center of China Zhang Yi-ling memories of the earlier drawings, is a zinc plate in the wall paper a good first drying blueprint or brown map, and then used the information with the card regulation, bar-regulatory tools such as a blueprint for change drawn to the sun or drying brown map on, and then a small pen, compass, single curve pen, pen tools such as hyperbolic stained black, green, red, yellow, and blue ink painting, depicting the elements of control points, residential areas, water systems, roads, state, vegetation.


"I remember that time in the sun a blueprint for building the first floor, first to be smoked in drawing a map Zhang rolled up on the smoked drum, the down on the ammonia and then on the furnace about 10 minutes on the steam to open the lid air dry, just like steamed buns. "Zhang Yi-ling said that" a strong ammonia smell harmful to human beings, due to fear of being smoked with ammonia gas in the ammonia down close your eyes when they are afraid to breathe. "


Childhood growing up in Xinjiang Military Surveying and Mapping Detachment, Chang Yi-ling, for mapping changes in technology, decades of deep feelings, "now used by computer graphics, hand-grip is no longer a small pen, just to manipulate the mouse and keyboard. Operational efficiency multiplied higher terrain elements by layer, said information-rich surface on the computer is able to zoom in and out to carry out interpretation. previous produce a finished plan a month or even months, but now using computer graphics software, can be out a month pieces of finished map. now no longer have that pungent smell of ammonia to smoke map, just make the map data transmitted plotter can print out the lines clear, colorful maps of various scales. "


Mapping technology is changing the map display mode is also quietly changed. From paper to electronic, from the two-dimensional to three-dimensional, from static to dynamic, the map is a step by step the "flip" them. Digital map as one of the mediums of geographic information, but also are active on the Internet. Maps for mapping changes in technology, earth-shaking changes taking place in human understanding of subjects on the map is changing, maps, mapping technology is changing the content of the map is changing, the map representation is changing, the map of the species are changing, the map service approach is changing.


And "the earth move" outdoor work of surveying and mapping personnel, 60 years of experience is even more significant changes. Digital Mapping surveyor equipped with a GPS receiver, PDA devices such as digital color Plotting System. Field surveyors go anywhere, can be automatically measured three-dimensional coordinates of the point, no longer free from climate, time, geographical impact.


The sixties and seventies the 20th century, China began to use imported precision optical devices aerial survey; to the late 80s, China's self-developed analytical mapping instrument has begun to gradually replace the imported equipment; the mid-90s by Academician Wang Zhuo proposed all-digital measurement Mapping System, has by Zu-Xun Zhang Xian-Lin Liu academician academicians and developed, and further discarded optical and precision equipment, using a computer to complete the whole process work, is considered to be a revolution in the traditional mapping work. In May 2007, Xian-Lin Liu has presided over the completion of a catch up with the world's advanced level of domestic SWDC digital aerial instrument development work. Originally imported Cam extreme high prices, a set of more than 1,600 million, developed by Xian-Lin Liu hosted this "native" device, as long as the price of more than 400 million yuan.


A person 30 years of surveying and mapping


In October 1956, the establishment of the National Mapping Bureau, the former General Staff outside the European Mapping by the Secretary General Chen was transferred to the State Administration for Surveying and Mapping, while deployed as part of the General Staff of the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Mapping strength, a total of more than 2,000 people, and the corresponding equipment the formation into the national surveying and mapping teams.


LI Peng-Germany is the National People's Congress, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping map technical review of Director of the Center to engage in surveying and mapping for nearly 30 years, he was surveying and mapping in China for the information technology and depth of feeling in the relationship between career development.


"After 1979, to participate in college entrance examination, because particularly like math, I'll fill in the Wuhan Institute of Surveying and Mapping geodetic and engineering surveying profession. So get the admission notice will be known when computing technology was the basis of teachers taking classes, very confused, did not know at that time What is the professional computing technology. "Peng-Germany recalls that feeling of two disciplines eight pole Dabu Zhao, a country with mapping studies on the dreams of young computer professional, is virtually a" go astray. "


Mr Li recalls, hand computer and abacus calculation used to be a major tool for mapping the 20th century, began to spend 80 computers, but the computer is very expensive and requires a small building and a lot of technical personnel services, then it can be said is a large machine. After graduation assigned to the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Henan Province Computing Group's work encrypted Peng-Germany, in the unit did not see the shadow of a computer, but added that three-dimensional coordinate measuring machines, and paper tape punch, allowing him disappointed, I feel with the Computer Science difference in incomes, and even the idea of separation was also produced.


But then the leadership tried to comfort him: "the computer will play a big role in the mapping of the area!" This sentence was later been confirmed. Soon, Surveying and Mapping Bureau of Henan Province, on the application to the special fund, invested nearly 200 million yuan to introduce the world's most advanced analytical instrument and analytical mapping orthographic projector. The apparatus used to conduct small-scale scientific computing and computer-controlled optical mechanical systems, are lines drawn maps and orthophoto maps, achieved the primary digital computer-aided manufacturing, greatly improved the geometric accuracy and productivity. LI Peng-resolution aerial photography Germany quickly became the backbone of measurement techniques, and 90 years in the 20th century witnessed a fully digital photogrammetric workstation in use.


Beginning of the 20th century, 90 years after the wave of information technology has brought the world of digital mapping system for the building of the climax. In 1993, the State Council approved the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping "Sanding" program, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping State Council consists of the overall planning, management of the national surveying and mapping work in government departments, and the restoration of the vice-ministerial level. LI Peng-Germany at the end of 1992 study from the Netherlands to obtain GIS (Geographic Information Systems) master's degree when you return, GIS is still in the research and testing stage. Soon after, however, GIS building soon emerge in China, China's digitization of the map was unveiled, Mr Li recalls, which was mainly used hand-held digitizer right 1:25 10000 topographic maps to digital technology, as well as the capital and coastal cities to carry out large-scale map digitization.


In 1995, China and Australia signed a contract basis for cooperative construction of Hainan's land resources information system project, which is China's first provincial-level basic geographic information system, the entire project budget of more than 6000 million. LI Peng-Germany was invited to participate in the project is responsible for technical work, this project takes advantage of the latest international computer networks, digital photogrammetry technology to establish a basic geographic information database, in 1998, when the final acceptance is known as China fully operational digital surveying and mapping system, the construction of a new chapter.


In 1998, the first "Digital Earth" international conference held in Beijing, to RS, GPS and GIS as the representative of the "3S technology" also began to be more people to understand, with the continuous accumulation of geographic information and rich digital regions across the country begin construction, survey and mapping as a public service needs of transition to a service as the starting point and ultimate goal, mapping from to "build" as the center, quickly turned to "control" as the center, and gradually move towards the "use" as the center. LI Peng-time Germany, another Mengzi dive to "digital in Shaanxi," the construction work. He lamented that, when "go astray" learned computer technology, the present and mapping has been Nanshenanfen, high-end computers, large servers, tape libraries, disk arrays, graphics workstations, digital photogrammetric workstations, flight film scanning Yee, large plotters, as well as remote sensing image processing, geographic information systems, database management tools have become a tool for surveying and mapping workers go hand in hand.


From the computer-aided analytical mapping, network-based digital mapping, and then to a service-oriented information technology mapping, LI Peng-Germany along the way, now, he maps at the national mapping agency technical review center responsible for the public maps, navigation maps and the Internet electronic map the contents of the review. Two sessions in 2009, the Peng-Germany submitted a "geographic information on the establishment of a national public service platform of the proposal," "on the establishment of a national Internet map and geographic information platform for the proposed regulation" and seven copies of the proposal, these are his long-term thinking crystallization, but also show an extension of mapping functions, and its extension has been extended to the entire geographic information industry.


Surveying and Mapping jumped out a narrow circle of friends


Surveying and Mapping in people's eyes, has always been considered a relatively narrow range of areas and very professional, but many of the emerging space-based location service of social applications, are inseparable from the mapping to do security, mapping information for the city to provide protection is reflected in many ways , including urban e-government and industry information construction, community information, e-commerce and intelligent urban transportation, urban public information services.


To play a protective role of surveying and mapping in 2008, to be explosive Show: Earthquake sudden, hit aerial map flourish; snow comes, mapping information supporting the power sector rapid "recovery"; 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, from the electronic map, to the Beijing Food safety tracking system, the Olympic intelligent transportation systems, digital plans for Olympic venues firefighting systems, the Olympic central area of rainwater collection systems, information-based mapping is said Mr Ng.


In 2009, the State Council adopted a new National Mapping Agency "Sanding" program, which increases the "supervision and management of geographic information acquisition and application" functions, and approved the establishment of "Geographic Information and Mapping Department (Surveying and Mapping Results Management Division)", the geographical the information industry chain enterprises be considered to find a "home", Geographic Information and Mapping Division in the future an important duty is "to guide application of geographic information services." State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping has been given this function to mapping and computer information systems are more closer relationships. August 1, 2009, "Basic Mapping Ordinance" official purposes, information was again entrusted with the task, I believe that in the near future, ordinary people can be in the national basic geographic information platform to enjoy better public services.


The Information Society, under the mapping, outreach continues to expand in another 5 years, 10 years, 60 years, China would again become what kind of mapping?


History of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping


January 23, 1956, the first session of the NPC Standing Committee, 31st meeting, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Zhou Enlai approved the establishment of the National Mapping Bureau, as the State Council, an institution directly under the. In October 1956, the State Administration of the completion of the formation of Surveying and Mapping.


In 1969, the National Mapping Bureau revoked. In 1973, according to the instructions of Premier Zhou Enlai, decided to rebuild the National Mapping Bureau.


In 1982, the State Council decided the country was renamed the National Survey and Mapping Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Bureau, the original functions and tasks remain unchanged.


In 1993, the national mapping agency become integrated planning and management of the State Council consists of the national surveying and mapping work in government departments, centralized management by the Ministry of Construction and the restoration of the vice-ministerial level.


In 1998, the national mapping agency transferred to Ministry of Land Management, to become the cause of the executive in charge of the national mapping agency.


China's 60-year survey and mapping industry bright spot (1)


The establishment of national geodetic datum


Since the 20th century, 90 years, the state departments jointly established the 2000 national GPS geodetic control network, established in 2003 through a joint deal with China's new generation of convergence with the International Terrestrial Reference Frame of high-precision geocentric coordinate system - the "2000 Chinese geodetic coordinate system" . "2000 China geodetic coordinate system" was officially opened in 2008, marking China's vast land base construction has entered a new stage.


Mapping and Geographic Information Standard System


Since 1959, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Surveying and Mapping Administration and the General Staff jointly issued "Geodetic French (Draft)", China has independently developed into the surveying and mapping standards, and gradually form a system of stages, as was established in 1990 by 100, and a number of standard components Mapping of production to adapt to simulate the mapping standard system. The 20th century, 90 years focused on the digital mapping standards development work, the cumulative system, revise and publish standards and specifications of more than 100 items, a strong impetus to the analog system to digital mapping technology mapping technology system changes. Since 2000, the mapping standardization work extended to the field of geographic information, organizing the development of GIS data related to production, product quality, share exchange, application services and information system construction and other aspects of the standards of more than 100 officially released more than 40 items, initially formed standards for geographic information system framework.


National basic geographic information database construction


National fundamental geographic databases include 1:100 10000 databases, 1:25 million, databases, 1:5 million, databases and special databases. 1:100 million nationwide database was from 1984 to 1995 the building, mainly including topographic databases, geographical names database, digital elevation models and some of the regional pilot gravity database. 1:25 10000-based National Geographic Database from 1996 to 1998 years of construction, including the terrain database, databases, and digital elevation model names of three databases. Flood prevention and relief in 1999 focused on preventing the establishment of the seven rivers area of 1:1 million digital elevation model database. National 1:5 million database was from 1999 to 2006 building, including the digital raster map database (DRG), digital elevation model (DEM), Digital Orthophoto Database (DOM), the core elements of terrain databases (DLG), geographical names database, land cover database, metadata database and data integration management system.


China's 60-year survey and mapping industry bright spot (2)


National basic scale map coverage


National basic scale topographic map, including 1:100 10000, 1:50 million, 1:25 million, 1:10 million, 1:5 million, 1:1 million, 1:5000 and 1:2000 topographic maps. National Topographic Map of 1:5 million, began in 1951, began in 1956 at the national large-scale test facilities, test facilities in 1964 and updated simultaneously. As of 2005, a total measurement system 1:5 10000 topographic maps of more than 19,000 sites, covering an area of 7.6 million square kilometers. In 2006 began implementing the "west of the country a blank area topographic map 1:5 million mapping project", one after another measurement system, more than 5,000 pieces of 1:5 million, topographic maps, covering an area of 2 million square kilometers. By 2010, China will achieve 1:5 10000 topographic maps covering the whole country's land territory. Topographic map 1:1 million mapping began in 1978, mainly to meet the national agricultural zoning and land resources, the need for detailed investigation, has become provincial, district (municipal) level, the most important basic scale topographic maps. Topographic Map 1:1 million 15 thousand pieces of the system have been measured, covering an area of more than 450 million square kilometers, the basic coverage of the primary production of food and cash crops in plain and hilly areas.


National Gravity Network Construction


Gravity data for scientific research, satellite launch, long-range weapons testing is of great significance. National Gravity Network is gravity survey benchmarks. 1954-1957, China Surveying and Mapping Department has cloth measuring 27 basis points and 80 first-class gravity points, constitute the state's basic gravity network, known as the "1957 gravity system," to fill gaps in China's benchmark gravity. 1978-1984, the military and mapping departments, the State completed the relevant units of gravity by 6 basis points, 46 basis points and 163 gravity gravity-point first-class "composed of the 1985 National Gravity-based Site" than "1957 Gravity System "In the density and accuracy are greatly improved. 1999-2003, the military and mapping in conjunction with relevant departments jointly built by 21 basis points and 126 basis points constitute a new generation of national gravity base - "2000 National Gravity Base Ben Wang." "2000 National Gravity-based Site" comparison "1985 National Gravity-based Site", precision, significantly increased, the density and distribution points are more reasonable.