作者:陈子澎 李树军 穆敬
前美国副总统戈尔于1998年1月31日在加利福尼亚科学中心召开的Open GIS Consortium(OGC)年会上提出了数字地球的概念:数字地球是指一个以地理坐标(经纬网)为依据,具有多分辨率海量数据、立体显示的地球技术系统。
近些年来,美国为了保持其雄霸全球,主导世界的能力,不断向信息化方面发展。2000年初,美国国防部测绘局和美国国家宇航局联合完成了一项利用航天飞机实施的全球地形测绘计划———“航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命(SRTM)”,采集了全球地形数据,共获得332盒高密度磁带的雷达影像,完成计划的99.98%,我国被100%覆盖。美国国防部测绘局将利用两年时间对这些原始数据进行处理,然后绘制出覆盖地球80%陆地的高精度三维地形图,并把这些数据作为建立“数字地球”的基础数据。由这些数据所生成的数字地图点位精度可达30米,绝对水平精度为20米,绝对垂直精度为16米,可使现在全球数字高程模型的精度提高三倍。2001年9月的《四年防务评估报告》中美国又制定了利用信息技术和创新性理论,发展C4ISR(即指挥、控制、通信、计算机、情报、监视和侦察)系统的计划,而建立这一系统的基础正是数字地球技术。
面对新时代的挑战,我海军要适应这一新变化,在当今构建数字地球的过程中赢得先机,在未来海战中取得优势地位。下面就构建数字地球的关键技术以及如何利用数字地球技术打赢未来数字化海上战争做出基本的理论探讨研究。
1、数字地球的基本概念
数字地球是按空间位置,以极高的分辨率采集地球自然属性资源信息与社会属性资源信息,并将这些信息进行统筹安排、抽象分析和逻辑组合,按三维的、动态的地理坐标集成起来形成一个一体化的数字化大地体,以静态与动态方式为使用者提供大地信息服务的地球资源信息系统。严格地讲,数字地球是以计算机技术、多媒体技术和海量存储技术为基础,以宽带数据传输网络为纽带,运用海量地球信息对地球进行多分辨率、多尺度、多时空和多种类的三维描述。进一步讲,数字地球实际上就是遥感、数据库与地理信息系统、全球定位系统、宽带网络以及虚拟仿真等现代高新技术的高度综合和升华,是当代地球科学技术发展的制高点。
2、数字地球中的关键技术
2.1 科学计算
地球是一个十分复杂的巨大系统,地球上发生的众多事件、变化和过程表现十分复杂并呈非线性特征,它们的时间和空间的跨度变化大小不等,差别巨大,只有利用高性能计算机,才能模拟一些不能观测到的现象。利用数据挖掘技术,我们将能更好地认识和分析所观察到的海量数据,从中找到规律和知识。科学计算将使我们能够更加深入地探索所获取到的有关我们星球的数据。
2.2 海量存储技术
数字地球每天都要产生和处理大量数据,要存储“数字地球”的全部信息,需要存储器容量达到1000万亿字节级,而目前的硬盘、光盘等存储容量只能达到10亿字节级。因此,海量存储能力是实现“数字地球”的重要条件。提高存储能力主要靠三种途径:一是研究存储新技术,如利用纳米技术硬盘可达到一万亿字节级;二是进一步研究数据压缩技术,实现对影像、多媒体数据等多种海量数据的快速压缩;三是建立元数据库,实现对数据的快速搜索查找。
2.3 卫星图像使用
数字地球的建设需要快速、准确和大范围地获取高分辨率的地表资源和环境信息,高分辨率的卫星影像恰巧满足了这种需求。在卫星遥感问世的20多年后,遥感卫星影像分辨率已经有了飞速提高,从遥感形成之初的80米,已提高到30米,10米,5米,2.5米,军用甚至已经达到0.1米。这里所说的分辨率指空间分辨率、光谱分辨率和时间分辨率,空间分辨率指影像上所能看到的地面最小目标尺寸,用像元在地面的大小来表示;光谱分辨率指成像的波段范围,分得愈细,波段愈多,光谱分辨率就愈高,现在的技术已经可以达到5~6纳米量级,400多个波段,细分光谱可以提高自动区分和识别目标性质和组成成分的能力;时间分辨率指重访周期的长短,目前一般对地观测卫星为15~25天的重访周期。
2.4 宽带网络技术
由于现在技术的限制,数字地球所需要的数据不可能用一个数据库来存储,而是由无数个、分布在不同部分、不同地点的成千上万的不同组织来维护的,即由分布式的数据库存储,这意味着参与数字地球的服务器都将需要高速网络来支持。美国政府1993年就提出实施美国国家信息基础设施(NII),即信息高速公路,它主要由计算机服务器、网络和计算机终端组成。目前网络技术中的新宠儿———网格技术(3G),正在对数字地球的发展建立起着积极的推动作用,它能把整个因特网(Internet)整合成一台巨大的超级计算机,实现各种资源的全面共享。
2.5 实现互操作
空间信息共享互操作机制是使数字地球能够运转的关键之一。Internet和World Wide Web,即WWW or Web,它们之所以成功,是因为它有几个简单的,而且被广泛接收的协议。数字地球的内部信息的互操作可以通过WebGIS和OpenGIS来实现。WebGIS是一个基于网络的,以地球空间信息的管理、开发、处理和应用为目标的技术系统。OpenGIS是为GIS的开放、继承、合作和人机和谐制定的标准和规范,它可以进行不同层次的互操作,可以使一种应用软件生成的地理信息被另一个软件读取。
2.6 建立元数据
元数据是“关于数据的数据”或“管理数据的数据”。通过它可以了解有关数据的名称、位置、作者(或来源)、日期、数据格式以及分辨率等信息。它主要是应用于海量数据存储。
3、利用数字地球技术打赢未来数字化海上战争
3.1 数字地球对未来海上战争的作用和影响
3.1.1 数字地球对未来海上战争的作用
兵法有云:“知己知彼,方能百战百胜”,这其中所体现的一条很重要的道理,就是“交战双方谁控制了信息的制控权,谁就掌握了战争的主动权”。现代战争模式已经不是过去的那种“视距内战争”,随着电子信息技术的发展,现代战争更多的采用“超视距战争”。并且,在现代战争中,多兵种联合协同作战、多战区的同时性协同作战愈显重要,这些都要求取胜一方对信息拥有超强的控制权。上世纪的海湾战争、科索沃战争以及本世纪初美国对伊拉克发动的侵略战争无不体现了信息控制的重要性,信息战的雏形已经形成。
数字地球的出现,将为海上军事行动提供及时全面的地理环境信息,为全局战事指挥提供基础信息平台,为单个作战单位的作战提供了有效的作战信息,使各个单独的作战单位有效的结合起来,为军事训练提供贴近真实的虚拟战场环境,为战时、战后提供军事打击效果评估,对于舰载(或水下潜艇)武器,数字地球将为其进行远距离精确打击提供必要的基础技术支持等等。
3.1.2 数字地球技术对未来海上战争的影响
第一,未来海上战争会在很大程度上依赖于对数字地球的控制。夺取海上全局战场的信息优势,精确、有效地消灭敌人的有生力量、摧毁战争潜力将成为未来海上战争发展趋势。数字地球将是未来海上战场的最大信息载体,在数字地球上占有优势的一方将在战争中取得绝对的信息优势。
第二,数字地球技术将促进军事理论学说的发展。基于数字地球进行的信息化作战,软杀伤与非杀伤的比重将超过并逐步取代硬杀伤。信息系统、传感器系统、网络系统、精确打击系统和数据库系统等数字化装备的出现,需要有新的作战体系、新的编制配置和新的组织实施方法与之相适应,同时也需要有新的军事理论学说的指导。数字地球技术应用于军事,将产生军事数字地球的概念,因此,也会促进军事理论的发展。
第三,数字地球技术将推动海军数字化武器装备的发展。数字地球是数字化武器装备的目标向导,它可以快速地提供目标区域详尽的地形信息和精确的位置坐标,为舰队提供导航和目标定位,实现数字化指挥、远距离精确打击等。
第四,数字地球技术将促进海军数字化作战体系的完善。数字地球技术应用于海军军事中,将会促进海军军事力量的网络化,并将指挥权力进行层次上的分散。海军的作战行动及军事训练可以通过数字地球进行监控。由宽带、高速交换的数字信息网络将战场的每一个作战单元(舰艇、潜艇、单兵等)联结在一起。每个作战单位都能实时地从数字化仪器上获得自己、友邻以及敌方的位置坐标,了解所处位置的战场环境与作战要求等情况。数字地球使战场信息化与网络化更加成熟,使部队决策、指挥、管理与控制的能力进一步提高。
第五,数字地球可以为数字化海军的作战训练提供虚拟战场环境。在数字化基础上建设起来的“作战仿真实验室”,能够进行作战对抗训练与模拟局部战争的攻防战术等内容,为数字化海军的作战训练提供效果好、损耗低的仿真训练环境。
第六,数字地球将促进复合型数字化技术人才与数字化作战指挥人才的培养,以满足数字化战场硬件与软件对各种信息人才的有效需求。
3.2 如何利用数字地球打赢未来数字化海上战争
第一,加快建立数字地球,发展受我国和我军自己控制的全球或地区卫星定位系统,使我国的定位导航技术达到国际先进水平。努力发展我国的卫星和航空侦察技术,及时获取战场的有效信息。目前我国参加的欧洲伽利略计划,及我国自主研发的双星定位等,都是我国和我军构建数字地球的基础工作。
第二,大力发展卫星及航空测量技术。充分利用现有的航天和测量技术,在数字地球的构建过程中加快建立能够满足未来海上战场需要的军用地理信息系统,做到对军用地理信息的实时更新,为未来进行海上数字化战争与训练提供有效的信息平台。
第三,建造和改造现有的海军舰船,安装数字化和信息化设备,使其能够充分利用数字地球的优势,在军事上很好地适应未来数字化海上战争,让我们的舰船长拥有一对更锐利的“眼睛”,给我军的武器安上一套更灵敏的寻找打击目标的“嗅觉”系统。
第四,不论科学技术多么发达,武器多么先进,决定战争成败的第一位因素永远是“人”,因为只有“人”才是战争胜利之本。因此需要加大海军院校和地方院校对数字地球和数字海洋的研究力度,加强数字地球技术与军事理论的创新研究,努力培养大批复合型数字化技术人才与数字化作战指挥人才,以满足未来数字化战场需要,打赢数字化海上战争。
第五,利用数字地球技术建立陆、海、空军(及航天军)联合作战控制信息系统。未来的战争模式将不是单兵种的独立作战,而是由陆、海、空(及航天军)多兵种联合统一的作战。只有有机地将它们结合起来,才能真正做到“以多制胜”。
第六,建立数字地球是一项庞大的工程,它需要全球的合作来完成,它的耗费将是空前的。因此,不可盲目跃进,应循序渐进,抓住重点,注意借鉴和引进国外先进理论和技术,加强联合攻关和横向联合,避免重复建设,尽快完善能够保证现时期战略目的需求的建设部分。有些技术在满足军用的基础上,努力促进向民用的转化,做到投入与产出、军用和民用的双丰收。
第七,提高军用地理信息系统和联合作战控制信息系统的保密性和防破坏性。另外,数字化程度愈高,利用数字地球愈多,作战对信息的依赖性就越强,当信息控制系统遭到破坏时,就会造成被动挨打的局面。因此,我们要取其利、避其弊,加强在数字地球遭受破坏时的战法和其他替代方法研究,实施全方位、多层次的作战模式。
4、结束语
本世纪将是信息化的世纪,各国的军事、经济竞争对抗会愈来愈激烈,能否拥有对全球信息的制控权将决定一个国家特别是一个大国的命运和未来。建立“数字地球”又是全球信息化以及各国军事经济竞争的必然产物,是一项长期的战略任务,可以说哪个国家首先使用高精度的数字地球,哪个国家就拥有了信息战的主动权。海洋又是本世纪战略争夺的焦点,我国是个濒海大国,与周边国家在海上存在一些领土争端和海洋划界方面的矛盾,另外,台独势力也日益猖狂,为此,利用数字地球技术打赢未来数字化海上战争已是我国现阶段一项迫切而重要的任务。建立一支强大的现代化海军,这是必由之路。
Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore on January 31, 1998, held at the California Science Center Open GIS Consortium (OGC) presented at the annual meeting of the Digital Earth concept: Digital Earth is a geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude Network) based on with a multi-resolution mass data, three-dimensional display of the Earth's technology systems.
In recent years, the United States in order to maintain its dominating the world, the ability to dominate the world, continuing to develop information technology. In early 2000, the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space jointly completed an implementation of the use of the space shuttle's global topographic mapping program --- "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)", the global terrain data collected were obtained 332 boxes of high-density tape radar images, 99.98% had completed the program, China has been 100% covered. U.S. Defense Mapping will use two years of these raw data are processed, and then to map out 80% of the land covered by the Earth's high-precision three-dimensional topographic map, and these data as a "Digital Earth" basic data. The data generated by these digital maps point precision up to 30 meters, the absolute level accuracy of 20 meters, the absolute vertical accuracy of 16 meters will enable the global digital elevation model are now raising three times the accuracy. September 2001 "Quadrennial Defense Review Report," the United States has developed the use of information technology and innovation theory, the development of C4ISR (ie command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) system plan, which set up this It is a system is based on Digital Earth technology.
Facing the new challenges of our time, our navy must adapt to this new changes in the current process of building a digital earth to win opportunities in the future to achieve naval superiority. Here's the key to building a Digital Earth Digital Earth technology, and how to use digital technology to win the next war at sea to make the theory of basic research.
1, the basic concept of Digital Earth
Digital Earth is based on spatial location in order to capture high-resolution properties of the earth's natural resources, information and social attributes of resource information, and information co-ordination arrangements, abstract analysis and logical combination, according to three-dimensional, dynamic, integrated together to form the geographical coordinates of an integration of digital earth body, to static and dynamic way for users of information services to the Earth's land resources information system. Strictly speaking, Digital Earth is based on computer technology, multimedia technology and mass storage technology-based, broadband data transmission network as a link, the use of geo-information of the Earth mass multi-resolution, multi-scale, multi-types of three-dimensional space-time and multi-description of . Furthermore, the Digital Earth is actually a remote sensing, database and geographic information systems, global positioning systems, broadband network and virtual simulation of high-tech high degree of integration and sublimation of contemporary scientific and technological development of the high ground on Earth.
2, the key technology of Digital Earth
2.1 Scientific Computing
The Earth is a very complex and huge system, a number of events occurring on Earth, change and process performance is very complex and nonlinear characteristics, their span of time and space changes in size, a huge difference, only the use of high-performance computers, in order to simulate the phenomena which can not be observed. The use of data mining technology, we will be better able to understand and analyze the observed mass data in order to find the law and knowledge. Scientific computing will allow us to explore in greater depth available to the data about our planet.
2.2 Mass Storage Technology
The Digital Earth every day to produce and process large amounts of data, to store the "Digital Earth" all the information needed to reach 1,000 trillion bytes of memory capacity level, while the current hard drive, CD-ROM storage capacity can only reach one billion byte-level . Therefore, the massive storage capacity is to achieve "Digital Earth" an important condition. Improve the storage capacity depends mainly on three kinds of ways: First, study of new storage technologies, such as the use of nanotechnology could reach one trillion bytes of disk level; Second, further study of data compression technology to realize video, multimedia data and other huge amount of data rapid compression; 3 is to build meta-database, to achieve quick search to find the data.
2.3 The use of satellite images
Digital Earth-building needs of fast, accurate and large-scale access to high-resolution surface resource and environmental information, high-resolution satellite images happen to meet this demand. In the advent of satellite remote sensing for 20 years after resolution of remote sensing satellite images already have rapidly increased, from the beginning of the formation of 80 meters of remote sensing has been increased to 30 meters, 10 meters, 5 meters, 2.5 meters, the military has even reached 0.1 meters . The resolution referred to here refers to spatial resolution, spectral resolution and temporal resolution, spatial resolution refers to images of the ground can see the minimum target size, with pixel size of the ground to represent; spectral resolution refers to images The band scope, sub-survived thin band the more the higher spectral resolution, the current technology has to reach 5 ~ 6 nm order of magnitude, more than 400 band spectrum segments can automatically distinguish and identify goals to improve the nature and the capacity of the composition; time resolution refers to the length of the cycle to revisit the current earth observation satellites, generally 15 to 25-day revisit cycle.
2.4 Broadband Network Technology
Now that the technical limitations, the digital data needed for the Earth can not use a database to store, but by numerous, are located in different parts of the different locations to maintain tens of thousands of different organizations, namely from the distributed database storage, which means that participation in Digital Earth server will require high-speed network to support. The U.S. government in 1993 proposed the implementation of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure (NII), the information superhighway, it is mainly by the computer servers, network and computer terminal. The current network technology, the new darling --- grid technology (3G), being the development of Digital Earth to build an active role in promoting, it can throughout the Internet (Internet) integrated into a single, large, super-computers, to achieve a variety of the full sharing of resources.
2.5 to achieve interoperability
Spatial information sharing mechanism is to enable interoperability of Digital Earth to run one of the keys. Internet and World Wide Web, or WWW or Web, which has been successful because it has a few simple, but the agreement has been widely received. Digital Earth's internal information interoperability can be achieved through WebGIS and OpenGIS. WebGIS is a web-based, in order to geo-spatial information management, development, processing and application-oriented technology systems. OpenGIS is an open GIS, inheritance, cooperation and harmonious development of man-machine standards and specifications, it can be carried out at different levels of interoperability that allows an application software, geographic information generated by another software to read.
2.6 development of a metadata
Metadata is "data about data" or "management data about data." It can learn more about the data by name, location, author (or source), date, data formats and resolution, and other information. It is mainly used in mass data storage.
3, the use of Digital Earth technology, the future of Digital winning the war at sea
3.1 Digital Earth on the future role and impact of the war at sea
3.1.1 Digital Earth on the future role of naval warfare
Art of War goes: "to know ourselves before being victorious," of which embodied a very important principle of "the warring parties who controls the information, the system controller grasps the initiative in the war." Patterns of modern warfare is not the past, the kind of "line of sight within the war", with the electronics and information technology, greater use of modern warfare "over the horizon war." And, in modern warfare, multi-branch joint coordinated operations, multi-theater at the same time become increasingly important for synergistic operations, which are required to win the party for information, with its overwhelming control. The last century, the Gulf War, the Kosovo war and the beginning of this century the U.S. war of aggression against Iraq without exception reflects the importance of information control, information warfare, the prototype has been formed.
The emergence of Digital Earth will provide timely and comprehensive military operations at sea geographical information for the global war command and provide the basis for an information platform for a single combat unit provides an effective combat operations information so that each individual combat units effectively combine for military training to provide close to the real virtual battlefield environment, war, post-war military strike impact assessment to provide for the carrier (or underwater submarines) weapons, Digital Earth will be to carry out long-range precision strike to provide the necessary basic technical support and so on.
3.1.2 Digital Earth technology for the future impact of the war at sea
First, the future of naval warfare will be largely dependent on the control of the Digital Earth. To win the overall battlefield information superiority at sea, accurate, and effectively destroy the enemy's effective strength, destroy the war potential will be the future of naval warfare trends. The Digital Earth will be the future battlefield, the largest information carrier at sea, in the digital planet will be the dominant party in the war to obtain the absolute information superiority.
Second, the Digital Earth technology will facilitate the development of military doctrine. Based on Digital Earth in information warfare, soft kill and the proportion of non-destruction will be over, and gradually replace the hard kill. Information systems, sensor systems, network systems, precision strike systems and database systems and other digital equipment, which need a new combat system, the establishment of a new configuration and the new method of organization and implementation of a corresponding, but also the need for new military doctrine guidance. Digital Earth technology in the military, will have a military concept of Digital Earth, therefore, will also promote the development of military theory.
Third, the Digital Earth technology will push the number of naval weapons and equipment development. Digital Earth is the goal of digital weapons and equipment guide, it can quickly provide detailed topographic information on the target area and precise location coordinates for the fleet to provide navigation and targeting to achieve the digital command, long-range precision strikes and so on.
Fourth, the Digital Earth technology will promote the Navy's combat system, the improvement of digital. Digital Earth technology in naval military, the Navy's military forces will promote networking, and command authority to the level of fragmentation. Navy's combat operations and military training can be monitored through the Digital Earth. By a broadband, high-speed exchange of digital information network will be the battlefield fighting for every one unit (ships, submarines, man, etc.) linked together. Each combat units are capable of real-time gain from the digital instruments themselves, friendly neighbors, as well as the coordinates of the enemy's position to understand the location of the battlefield environment and operational requirements and so on. Digital Earth is making the battlefield information technology and network is more mature, so that military decision-making, command, management and control of the ability to be further enhanced.
Fifth, the Digital Earth can be digitized to provide the Navy's combat training environment for virtual battlefield. In the digital build up on the basis of the "combat simulation laboratory" to carry out operations combat training and simulation of local wars offensive and defensive tactics and other content, for the digital Navy's combat training to provide effective, low-loss, the simulation training environment.
Sixth, the Digital Earth will promote the complex digital technology talent and digital battle command training of personnel to meet the digitized battlefield of hardware and software for all kinds of information professionals effective demand.
3.2 How to use the digital future of digital earth to win the war at sea
First, accelerate the establishment of digital earth, the development of our country and our army under the control of its own global or regional satellite positioning system, so that our positioning and navigation technology has reached the international advanced level. Efforts to develop China's satellite and aerial reconnaissance technology, timely access to effective information battlefield. At present, China to participate in the European Galileo program, and our own research and development of double-star position, are to build our country and our military the basic work of Digital Earth.
Second, to develop satellite and aerial survey techniques. Full use of existing space and measurement technology, the Digital Earth to accelerate the establishment of the build process to meet the needs of the future battlefield, a military marine geographic information systems, so that pairs of military-to-date geographic information for the future of digital warfare at sea and training to provide an effective information platform.
Third, the construction and transformation of existing naval vessels, installation of digital and information technology equipment to enable them to make full use of the advantages of digital earth, in the military well adapted to the future of digital naval warfare, so that our ship has a pair of long - More sharp "eyes" to the military's weapons and the placement of a more sensitive search for targets of "olfactory" system.
Fourth, no matter how advanced science and technology, advanced weapons and how to decide the success or failure of the first element of war is always "people", because only "person" is a war victory. Therefore, the need for greater naval academies and local institutions in respect of digital earth and digital marine research, strengthen the Digital Earth technology, and military theory, innovative research, and strive to cultivate a large number of complex digital technology talent and digital operational command personnel to meet future digitized battlefield necessary, winning the digital war at sea.
Fifth, the use of digital technologies to build the Earth's land, sea and air force (and the Space Forces) Joint operational control and information systems. Future wars will not be single-branch model of independent operations, but by land, sea and air (and the Space Forces) a unified multi-service combined operations. Only organically combine them in order to be really "more than winning."
Sixth, the establishment of Digital Earth is a huge project, it needs global cooperation to complete, and its cost would be unprecedented. So it can not blindly leap forward, should be gradual, to seize the key, pay attention to learning and the introduction of foreign advanced theory and technology, strengthen joint research and horizontal joint, to avoid duplication and improve as soon as possible to guarantee the current period demand for the construction of part of the strategic objectives. Some technology to meet the military on the basis of efforts to promote the conversion to civilian use, so that input and output, military and civilian dual-harvest.
Seventh, the increase of military geographic information systems and joint operational control and confidentiality of information systems and anti-destructive. In addition, the higher the level of digital, using digital earth the more dependent on information operations, the stronger, when the information control systems have been destroyed, it will result in a passive situation of being beaten. Therefore, we should draw upon advantages and avoid disadvantages and enhance our digital earth tactics when damage and other alternative method to implement comprehensive, multi-level combat model.
4, Conclusion
This century will be the century of information technology, national military and economic competition will become more intense confrontation, can have on the global information system for controlling one country will decide on a major power, especially the fate and future. Establishment of a "Digital Earth" is the global information technology as well as national military and economic competition, the inevitable product of a long-term strategic task, we can say which country the first to use high-precision digital earth, to which countries have the initiative in information warfare. Ocean is also the strategic focal point of contention in this century, China is a large coastal country, with neighboring countries on the sea, there are some territorial disputes and maritime delimitation conflicts In addition, the Taiwan independence forces increasingly frantic, and end, the use of Digital Earth technology to win the future of digital warfare at sea is an urgent and important of China's current task. The establishment of a powerful modern navy, this is the only way.
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