第一节 测量实验的一般要求与注意事项
　　 《测绘工程基础》是非测绘类专业：地质、地理、交通、农业、水利、房地产等专业的一门必修基础课。作为一门操作性很强的技术性课程，其课间实验和集中实习是一个不可缺少的重要环节。因此，做好测量实验，掌握测量仪器的操作技能，将课堂所学测量理论与实际相结合，显得尤为重要。
　　 一、测量实验概述
　　 测量工作是一项集体性的协作工作，任何个人很难单独完成，因此，测量实验工作通常以小组为单位进行。实验之前，必须认真阅读教材小的有关内容，了解实验的目的、内容、要求、方法步骤和有关注意事项，认真做好实验准备工作。实验时，要做到积极参与、互相配合，共同完成。实验完成后，要仔细整理实验成果，并认真思考实验过程中遇到的问题和收获体会，巩固课堂所学理论知识。
　　 实验要求：
　　 (1)实验前，必须预习所作实验项目，认真阅读有关教材和实习指导书，初步了解实验目的、实验内容与要求、实验方法和步骤、实验记录与计算以及实验注意事项等，以便更好地完成实验任务。同时在实验前准备好所需工具，如铅笔、小刀、计算器等。
　　 (2)实验与实习分小组进行，组长负责组织和协调小组工作，办理仪器工具的借用和归还，并对小组成员进行适当的分工以及工作轮换。
　　 (3)如果初次接触仪器，未经实验指导人员讲解注意事项、开箱方法和程序，不得擅次开箱取用仪器，以免发生损坏。
　　 (4)爱护测量仪器和工具，在实验过程中如出现仪器故障、工具损坏和丢失，须及时报告实验指导人员，不可随意自行处理。
　　 (5)实验结束时，应把观测记录、计算结果和实验报告交给指导人员审阅，经认可后，方可收装仪器、工具并将其及时归还实验室。
　　 测量仪器是比较贵重的精密仪器，目前各种测量仪器正向电子化、数字化方向发展，其使用更为方便，功能更为强大，价格也更加昂贵。因此，必须正确使用测量仪器，并精心爱护和科学保养。这是测量工作者必须具备的素质和技能，也是保证测量成果质量，提高工作效率和延长仪器使用年限的必要条件。
　　 二、测量仪器工具使用注意事项
　　 1．测量仪器工具的借领
　　 (1)以实验、实习小组为单位到测量实验室借领测量仪器工具。
　　 (2)仪器工具均有编号，借领时应当场清点仪器工具数量是否齐全，实物勺清单是否相符，器件是否完好，如有缺损可立即补领或更换。
　　 <3)领取仪器时，应先检查仪器箱是否盖好并扣紧，提环、背带是否牢固。携带仪器时，应注意保护仪器不受碰撞和振动。
　　 (4)实验或实习结束后，应及时收装清点仪器工具数量，清理仪器工具亡的泥土并送还仪器室。
　　 (5)仪器工具如有丢失或损坏，应写出书面报告说明情况，进行登记，并按有关规定给尹赔偿。
　　 2．仪器的安置
　　 (1)先将仪器的3条架腿抽出适当长度并将其在地面安置稳妥，高度适中，架头大致水平。若地面为泥土，应将架腿脚尖牢固地插入土中；若在坚硬的地面(如水泥路面)上，则要特别注意保证三脚架的稳定性。
　　 (2)从仪器箱内取出仪器时，一定要记清仪器在箱内的安放位置，以方便正确放回。
　　 (3)取出仪器时，不町用于拿仪器望远镜或竖盘，应一手持仪器基座或支架等坚实部位，一手托住仪器，并注意做到轻取轻放。
　　 (4)将仪器安放到三角架头上，一手握住仪器，一手旋紧中心连接螺旋，使仪器与三脚架连接牢固。尚未连接好之前，不能松手，以防仪器从三角架上摔下。
　　 (5)从仪器箱取出仪器后，随即将仪器箱盖好，以免沙土等进入箱内。
　　 3．仪器的使用
　　 (1)仪器架好后，必须有专人保护，特别是在街道、施工场地等人来人往处实验时，更应注意保护仪器。
　　 (2)操作仪器要手轻心细，各制动螺旋不要拧得太紧。仪器制动后，切不可用力转动仪器被制动的部位，以免损坏仪器轴系机构，各微动螺旋不可旋至极端位置。千万不可拧动仪器轴座固定螺旋，以防仪器松开或掉下。
　　 (3)仪器光学部分(包括物镜、目镜、放大镜等)有灰尘或水汽时，严禁用于、布或纸张去擦，应报告指导人员，用专用工具处理。
　　 (4)如仪器某部位失灵或发生故障，切不可强行扳动，更不能任意拆卸或白行处理，应及时报告实验指导人员。
　　 (5)野外观测时，应撑伞防晒，雨天禁止观测。
　　 4．仪器的搬迁
　　 (1)远距离搬迁仪器时，必须将仪器取下，装回仪器箱中再进行搬迁。
　　 (2)近距离搬站时，可将仪器制动螺旋松开(万一仪器被撞，可自由转动以免严重损坏)，收拢三角架，连同仪器一并夹于腋下，一手托住仪器，一手抱住三角架，并使仪器在上、脚架在下呈微倾斜状态进行搬迁，切不可将仪器扛在肩上搬迁。
　　 (3)迁站时，应带走仪器所有附件及仪器箱，防止丢失。
 

Experiment for measuring the general requirements of Section and Points for Attention
"Surveying and Mapping-based" non-mapping specialty: geology, geography, transportation, agriculture, water conservancy, and real estate professionals in a compulsory basic course. As a strong operational and technical courses which focus on practical experiments and between classes is an important and indispensable part. Therefore, to do experiments to measure the master measuring devices in the operating skills, classroom learning measured by the combination of theory and practice, it is particularly important.
A, Measurement Experiment Overview
Measurements are a collective collaborative work, any individual is difficult to do it alone, therefore, experimental work is usually measured in units of small groups. Test, you must carefully read the relevant contents of a small textbook to understand the purpose of the experiment, contents, requirements, methods and steps and related notes, do a good job test preparation. Experiment, it is necessary to ensure active participation, co-ordinated together to accomplish. Experiment is completed, carefully organize experimental results, and seriously consider the problems encountered during the experiment and harvesting experiences in the classroom to consolidate the theoretical knowledge learned.
Experimental requirements:
(1) before the experiment, you must prep the pilot project, carefully read the relevant materials and practical instructions, preliminary experiments to understand the purpose of the experiment the content and requirements, test methods and procedures, experimental records and the calculation and experimental note, in order to better completion of the pilot task. The same time, the necessary tools ready before the experiment, such as pencils, knife, calculator and so on.
(2) experiment and practice sub-group, the group leader responsible for organizing and coordinating group work tool for handling equipment to borrow and return, and team members the appropriate division of labor, as well as job rotation.
(3) If the initial contact with equipment, without the guidance of staff explain the experimental precautions, methods and procedures out of the box shall not be good at times out of the box access to equipment, so as to avoid damage.
(4) The care of measuring instruments and tools, such as during the experiment appeared to equipment failure, tool damage and lost, to be timely reporting of test supervisors, non-free themselves.
(5) The end of the experiment, should be observed records, the calculation results and experimental reports are submitted to instructors to review, upon approval, before it is closed loaded instruments, tools and the timely return of laboratories.
Measuring instrument is relatively expensive precision instruments, is currently seeking a variety of electronic measuring instruments, digital direction, its use more convenient, more powerful, the price is also more expensive. Therefore, we must correct use of measuring instruments, and careful maintenance of love and science. This is a measure of workers must possess the following qualities and skills, but also to ensure the quality of measurement results, improve working efficiency and extended equipment life of the necessary conditions.
Second, measuring instruments tools Precautions
1. Tool measuring instruments by collar
(1) to experiment, practice group as a unit to the measurement laboratory tool for measuring instruments by the collar.
(2) Instrument tools are numbers counted by the collar should be on the spot whether the number of machines tools and complete, in-kind spoon the compatibility list, the device is intact and, if defects in immediate replacement or replacement.
"3) The receiving devices, equipment cabinet should first check whether it covered and in rhythm, which provides ring, strap it firmly. Carry the equipment should be to protect equipment against impact and vibration.
(4) experiment or internship after the end of an inventory of equipment should be installed in time received the number of tools, cleaning tools for die apparatus of the soil and return equipment room.
(5) tools for any lost or damaged equipment should write a written report to explain the situation to carry out registration, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the compensation to the Yin.
2. Instrument placement
(1) The first three aircraft instrument out of the appropriate length of the legs, and their placement on the ground and secure a high degree of moderate, roughly the level of the first frame. If the ground is soil, should be firmly inserted into the frame legs and toes soil; if on a hard surface (such as concrete pavement), the will have to pay special attention to ensure the stability of a tripod.
(2) remove the instrument from the instrument box, be sure to keep track of where to place equipment in the box to facilitate the right back.
(3) remove the apparatus, the apparatus does not take a telescope or town for the vertical plate, to be a handheld device such as a solid part of the base or stand in one hand and try to jack up equipment, and pay attention to do beat gently.
(4) will be placed into the instrument tripod head in one hand and holding equipment, hand tighten center screw connection, to connect the instrument with a solid tripod. Not yet connected, it can not let go, to prevent the instrument from the tripod fell off.
(5) from the equipment cabinets will be removed immediately after the instrument lid is good, so as to avoid sand from entering inside.
3. Instruments used
(1) The equipment rack is getting better, there must be special people to protect, especially in the streets, construction sites and other people watching the experiment, but also should pay attention to protect the equipment.
(Two) operating apparatus to be cautious hand of light, the brake will not tighten too tight spiral. Brake equipment, the equipment must not be forced rotating brake parts, so as to avoid damage to equipment shaft agencies, micro-spiral can not spin to its extreme position. Do not screw the fixed seat screw shaft moving equipment to prevent equipment loose or falling.
(3) The instrument optics (including lens, eyepiece, magnifying glass, etc.) there is dust or water vapor, the forbidden used, rub the cloth or paper shall be reported to instructors, with special tools to deal with.
(4) If the equipment malfunction or failure of a part, must not forcibly flip, not to any demolition or white lines can be dealt with promptly report test instructors.
(5), field observations should be sun umbrella, rainy days, prohibit observation.
4. The relocation of the instrument
(1) move to the remote devices, equipment must be removed, install an equipment cabinet in the back to move further.
(2) close to move station, you can screw loose brake equipment (if equipment was damaged, be free to rotate so as to avoid serious damage), Shoulong tripod, together with the apparatus be trapped between the armpit with one hand and try to jack up equipment in one hand and grip tripod, and make devices in, the tripod was slightly tilted in the next state to move equipment must not be fired from the shoulder to move.
(3) The transfer station should take away all the accessories and equipment instrument case, prevent the loss.