第一节 摄影测量概述
　　 一、摄影测量概述
　　 1．摄影测量的概念
　　 摄影测量是通过影像研究被摄物体构像信息的获取、处理、提取和成果表达的一门信息科学。传统的摄影测量是利用光学摄影机摄取被摄物体的形状、大小、位置、性质和相互关系的一门科学与技术。它包括的内容有：获取被摄物体的影像；单张和多张相片处理的理论、方法、设备和技术；以及将所测得的成果用图形、图像或数字表示。
　　 2．摄影测量的特点　　
　　 摄影测量的主要特点是对影像或相片进行量测和解译，无需接触被研究物体本身，因而很少受到各种条件(如人不能到达，人不能接触)限制。相片及其他各种类别影像均是客观物体或目标的真实反应，信息丰富、图像逼真，人们可以从中获取被研究物体的大量几何信息和物理信息。
　　 3．摄影测量的任务
　　 摄影测量的主要任务是测制各种比例尺地形图、建立地形数据库，并为各种地理信息系统和土地信息系统提供基础数据。因此，摄影测量在理论、方法和仪器设备方面的发展都受到地形测量、地形制图、数字测图、测量数据库和地理信息系统的影响。摄影测量作为影像信息获取、处理、加工和表达的一门学科，又受到影像传感器技术、航天技术、计算机技术的影响，并随着这些技术的发展而发展。
　　 4．摄影测量的分类
　　 摄影测量学按距离远近可分为航天摄影测量、航空摄影测量、地面摄影测量、近景摄影测量和显微摄影测量。按用途又分为地形摄影测量和非地形摄影测量。按技术处理手段又分为模拟法摄影测量、解析法摄影测量和数字摄影测量。
　　 二、摄影测量的发展过程
　　 摄影测量的发展可分为三个阶段。
1．模拟法摄影测量
　　 1903年飞机发明后，航空摄影测量成为可能。第一次世界大战中，第一台摄影机的问世使航空摄影测量成为20世纪以后大面积测制地形图的最有效快速的方法。模拟摄影测量主要由立体测图仪进行。这些仪器均采用光学投影器、机械投影器或光学一机械投影器“模拟”摄影过程，用它们交会被摄物体的空间位置。模拟法摄影测量在我国‘直延伸进行到20世纪70年代。
　　 2．解析法摄影测量
　　 20世纪30年代，美国开始研究解析法空间前方交会、后方交会和双点交会等方法。20世纪70年代由于电子计算机的发明和计算技术的发展，解析法摄影测量得到了迅速发展，这一时期主要产品是“解析立体测图仪”。解析立体测图仪与模拟测图仪的主要区别在于：前者使用数字投影方式；后者使用的是模拟物理投影方式。仪器设计和结构也不同：前者是由计算机控制的坐标量测系统；后者是使用纯光学、机械型的模拟测图装置。解析测图仪中引入了半自动化的机助作业，免除了定向时的一些繁琐过程和测图过程中的许多手工作业，输出成果可以形成数字产品。
　　 解析摄影测量的发展，使得地形摄影测量与非地形摄影测量的应用不再受模拟测图仪的一些限制，它可以利用摄影仪器对各种目标进行各种方式摄影，用来研究和监测目标的外形、几何位置和动态目标的轨道测量等。
　　 3．数字摄影测量
　　 数字摄影测量是解析法摄影测量进一步发展的结果。它的发展起源于摄影测量自动化的实践，即利用相关技术，实现自动化测图。1950年，美国研制了第一台自动化摄影测量测图仪。其原理是将相片上的灰度变化转化成电信号，利用电子技术实现自动化。20世纪60年代初，美国研制了DAMMS全数字摄影测量系统。该系统将灰度转化成电信号再转变成数字信号(即数字影像)，然后由电子计算机来实现摄影测量自动化。
　　 数字摄影测量与模拟法摄影测量、解析法摄影测量的主要区别在于：它处理的原始信息不仅可以是相片，更主要的是数字影像(如法国的遥感卫星SPOT影像)或数字化影像；它最终是以计算机视觉代替人眼的立体观测，因而它使用的设备仅仅是计算机和相应的外围设备。另一区别是数字摄影测量产品的形式是数字的或可视化的产品，而传统的产品只是该数字产品的模拟输出。
 

Section Photogrammetry Overview
1, photogrammetry Overview
1. The concept of Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is the object through the imaging research has been proactive conformation information acquisition, processing, extraction and results of the expression of an information science. Photogrammetry is the use of traditional optical camera photo objects from ingestion of the shape, size, location, nature and mutual relations between a science and technology. It includes how to: access to the object being photo images; leaflets and multiple photos dealing with the theory, methods, equipment and technology; as well as the results measured by using graphics, images or digital representation.
2. The characteristics of Photogrammetry
The main features of photogrammetry is the image or photo for measurement and interpretation, no contact with study of the object itself, so it was rarely subject to various conditions (such as human inaccessible, people can not access) restrictions. Photographs and other various types of images are real and objective response to an object or target, information rich, vivid images, one can derive a large number of objects being studied geometric information and physical information.
3. The task of Photogrammetry
The main tasks of photogrammetry measurement system for a variety of scale topographic maps, the establishment of topographic database, and for a variety of geographic information systems and land information systems provide the basic data. Thus, photogrammetry in theory, methods and equipment aspects of development are subject to topographic surveying, topographic mapping, digital mapping, surveying and geographic information database systems. Photogrammetry as an image information acquisition, handling, processing and expression of a discipline, but also by the image sensor technology, space technology, the impact of computer technology, and the development of these technologies along with the development.
4. Classification of Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry can be divided according to the distance and space photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry, terrestrial photogrammetry, close-range photogrammetry and microscope photogrammetry. By end-use is divided into terrain and non-topographic photogrammetry photogrammetry. Technical processing by means of simulation is divided into photogrammetry, analytical method photogrammetry and digital photogrammetry.
Second, the development process of photogrammetry
The development of photogrammetry can be divided into three stages.
1. Simulation Photogrammetry
After the 1903 invention of the aircraft, aerial photography measurements possible. World War I, the first camera was the advent of aviation photography since the 20th century, large-scale topographic maps measuring system, the most effective way to fast. Analog photogrammetry mainly carried out by the three-dimensional mapping instrument. These instruments are used optical projection devices, mechanical devices or optical projection of a mechanical projector "simulation" photographic process, using them fair has been proactive spatial location of objects. Simulation Photogrammetry in China 'straight into the 20th century extended to 70 years.
2. Analytical Photogrammetry
The 20th century, 30's, the U.S. began to study analytical method of space forward intersection, resection and two-point intersection and other methods. 70 years since the 20th century, the invention of computer and computing technologies, analytic method photogrammetry has been developed rapidly during this period the main product is "the analytic three-dimensional mapping instrument." Analysis and simulation of three-dimensional mapping mapping instrument instrument main differences: the former use of digital projection mode; the latter using a simulation of the physical projection mode. Instrument design and structure are also different: the former is a computer-controlled coordinate measurement system; the latter is to use purely optical, mechanical type of analog mapping device. Resolution Mapping Instrument introduced the machine to help semi-automatic operation, eliminating the orientation to some of the cumbersome process and the surveying and mapping in the process of a number of manual operation, the output results can be the formation of digital products.
The development of analytical photogrammetry, making topographic Photogrammetry and non-topographic photogrammetry applications are no longer subject to simulate some of the limitations mapping instrument, it can make use of photographic equipment on a variety of targets in a variety of ways photography, used to study and monitor the objectives shape, geometry and dynamics of target track position measurements.
3. Digital Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the further development of analytical method results. It originated in the development of photogrammetric automation practice, namely the use of related technologies, automated mapping. In 1950, the United States developed the first automated photogrammetric mapping instrument. The principle is that the photo on a gray-scale changes into electrical signals, the use of electronic technology to automate. The 20th century, the early 60s, the United States developed DAMMS full digital photogrammetric system. The system will be transformed into electrical signals onward into a gray digital signal (ie, digital video), and then by an electronic computer to achieve the automation of photogrammetry.
Digital Photogrammetry and simulation photogrammetry, photogrammetric analytic method The main difference is: it addresses not only the raw information can be photos, more important is the digital image (such as the French SPOT remote sensing satellite images) or digital images; it is ultimately a to computer vision to replace the three-dimensional observation of the human eye, so it is just the computer equipment used and the corresponding peripherals. Another difference is in the form of digital photogrammetry products are digital or visual products, and traditional products are only the analog output of digital products.