Application Overview section topographic maps
Topographic map as a major outcome of the survey work, with a rich amount of information, not only contains natural and geographical factors, but also includes socio-economic factors. Thus, in economic construction, national defense and military, scientific research, cultural and educational fields have been widely used, has been in the planning and design, analysis and evaluation, forecasting, decision-making management, publicity, education and the national economy sector to play an important role.
1, in the application of national economic construction
(1) a variety of resources, surveying, planning, development and utilization.
(1) of the project construction site, route, survey, design and construction.
(3) The soil conservation planning, environmental monitoring, early warning and control.
(4) levels of government and administration departments will map as a planning and management of small a.
(5), urban construction, planning and management.
(6) transportation planning, design and management.
(7), irrigation, industry, agriculture, forestry and other fields.
Second, the application of national defense building
(1) The map is "the commander's eyes," Commanders at all levels in the organizational plan and command operations, we need to study with the enemy situation maps, terrain conditions, rivers and traffic conditions, residents of the situation and so on, determined attack, siege, pursuit line, the election Shan positions, and build fortifications, the deployment of troops, equipped with fire and so on.
(2) defense project planning, design and construction.
(3) the use of digital maps of the cruise missile guidance.
(4) The Air Force and the Navy used a map to determine routes, looking for the fight against Japanese standard; artillery maps measuring and calculation using the position, distance and height difference for the launch.
Third, the application of scientific research
(1) geology, biology and other disciplines through map analysis of natural elements and the distribution of natural phenomena, dynamic change, and interrelated, and thus to draw scientific conclusions and the establishment of hypotheses, or make a comprehensive evaluation and to forecast. For example, our geologists geological map based analysis to determine the oil strata, in order to find Daqing oil fields.
(2) The seismic workers based on geological structural map, earthquake maps, etc. to make earthquake prediction.
(3) on soil workers, according to climate maps, geological maps, topographic maps, vegetation maps to study soil formation.
(4) landscape workers, according to rainfall maps, geological maps, topographic maps study of the alluvial plain and delta dynamics.
(5) Geological and geographers use maps to carry out regional surveys and research work.
4, in other applications.
(1) tourist map and traffic map is an indispensable tool for people to travel.
(2) the use of maps for teaching, advocacy, dissemination of information.
(3) the use of maps for aviation, marine, space navigation.
(4) the use of map analysis endemic and epidemic prevention and control program.
Topographic map is the construction planning, design and construction of important information, the application topographic map is the map to obtain the required data to solve various practical problems. Therefore, the correct read, and use of topographic maps to solve engineering - some basic questions that every engineering and technical personnel necessary basic skills.
Section topographic map reading
According to the objective understanding of the geographical environment, topographic maps, topographic maps known as topographic map reading and interpretation, referred to interpret blueprints. Interpreting is the reader by identifying map symbols, in the brain to receive the information and understanding of the field of interaction between the original space images, turning them into pairs of geographical knowledge. For the different purposes of map reading, their reading content, depth and breadth vary.
First, the content and methods interpret drawings
1. Topographic map reading the contents of
Topographic map reading should include: mathematical elements such as map projection, scale, three North to the map, etc.; graphic elements such as water, landforms, soil, vegetation, residential areas, lines, state lines, power lines and communication lines, independently the distribution of elements of graphic material, etc., etc.; auxiliary elements, shown in Figure names, legends, drawings, verbal descriptions and slope foot and so on.
2. Interpret blueprints method
Interpret drawings of the purpose and requirements are different, malfeasance or map method is different. The basic methods are commonly used: general direct reading method, the amount of calculation analytical method, comparative analysis and reasoning to determine law.
1) General Direct Reading Method
Direct-reading method that is generally based on the topographic map map symbol, through direct observation, to understand the situation in the region. For example, from topographical maps to understand interpret drawings directly on the geographical location of the region, what their provincial, city and county the size of the scope of the region's major mountain ranges, rivers, residential areas, transportation networks, as well as the general topography of the whole region tilt direction, the highest point of and the lowest point of the location and elevation, ground conditions and the undulating mountain ridges, hills, valleys and so on. This method is relatively easy to interpret blueprints method but it is necessary to master the most basic approach.
2) the amount of calculation analytic method
To understand things from the chart the specific number of features, alone - as a direct observation is difficult to obtain accurate data, and therefore need to map the amount of calculation. For example, interpret blueprints the exact location of the region, covering an area the size of a point elevation, length and width of a river, as well as a resident of a commanding height of land to the recent march routes and distance. In some cases, also need to carry out the necessary analysis of graphics research, in order to figure the amount of calculation death to obtain the correct answer. For example, in a complex mountainous area, by a resident of a newly discovered land to the mining area, select a slope in 5 ° below the line of shortest distance, in this condition, only the general direct reading method selected lines is not enough , but to the general direct-reading method, based on the water to make a sketch map of mountains and the necessary number of terrain profile maps, as the undulating terrain analysis and slope changes in the situation of reference, and then can count the amount of line length, compared to the priorities of various lines shortcomings.