Surveying is an age-old earth sciences, has been side-years of development history of the development in human history plays a very important role.
Cong study surveying the Earth's shape and size, and to determine the Earth's surface geometry of various objects and their spatial location science. Object of study surveying the Earth's natural surface.
Surveying in the application of the Bian to performance measurement and mapping technology, so there are surveying, "Surveying and Mapping," said. Surveying and mapping under the condition of modern science and technology studies, is the planet as a whole and its form to - and outer space and the geographic distribution of related information collection, and give treatment, management, and updating the process of science. Surveying and Mapping acquired data or images, you can reserve, dissemination and application of geo-spatial information, geo-spatial information is the outcome of Surveying and Mapping. Modern Surveying and Mapping Science and Computer Information Science, the organic integration of geospatial information science has developed rapidly.
Second, surveying the classification of
With the development of production and scientific and technological progress, surveying the contents contained in richer, thus measuring the development of science in its own branch of the formation of the characteristics of different disciplines. According to the study of the object, scope and use of technology in a different segment, measuring credit for the following several main branches.
1. Geodesy
Is to study and determine the Earth's shape, size, gravity field and the Earth's surface points, the geometric location and changes in scientific theory and technology. Geodesy, surveying and mapping the various branches of learning the theoretical foundation, whose basic task is to establish ground control network, gravity network, accurate determination of the space three-dimensional coordinates of control points for topographic mapping to provide basic control for all types of construction in accordance with measurement of
 
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It. Modern Geodesy can be divided into: geometric geodesy, physical geodesy and space geodesy. Geodetic Survey is based on the Earth's surface due to the vast region to measure an object, it must take into account the impact of the Earth's curvature.
2. General Surveying
Is to study the basic principle of measuring the Earth's surface in some areas of large scale topographic mapping theory and basic methods, is a fundamental part of surveying. It is based on the Earth's surface, a small area as the research object, visual-dimensional spherical small area without having to take into account the impact of the Earth's curvature, so that theory and method of measurement have been simplified. If the study the earth's surface, small area mapping of topographic maps theories and methods, it is called topography. The Earth's surface morphology, using orthographic projection theory and with the provisions of the symbol, according to a certain percentage, similar to a plan drawn to shrink, such a figure known as the topographic maps. Topographic mapping and application of an ordinary surveying one of the core content. Topographic map in the national economy and national defense construction has a broad purpose.
3. Photogrammetry
Is to study the use of photography or remote sensing techniques to obtain images of the surface appearance and conduct analysis and processing, in order to generate topographic maps or access to digital information theory and method of science. According to the imaging method to obtain the different photogrammetry can be divided into underwater photography, ground photogrammetry, aerial photography and remote sensing measurements. One measurement is mapping aerial photography, the small-scale topographic map of the country's basic primary method has been applied to large-scale topographic mapping towel; while close-range photogrammetry has been in the ancient building surveying, building (structure) building material deformation observation, Measurement and many other aspects of dynamic object has been widely used. Photogrammetry has developed rapidly, especially with modern remote sensing technology to bring the service areas photogrammetry significantly broadened, in addition to surveying and mapping topographic maps, but also for mineral resources exploration, the earth plate motion studies, environmental monitoring, agricultural yield estimation and Agriculture, Forestry and disaster prevention. Thus, photogrammetry and remote sensing has become a very active and full of vitality as an independent discipline.
4. Engineering Geodesy
Is to study the engineering construction in the investigation and design, construction layout and operational management of various stages of the survey carried out by the theory and methods of science. It is mainly targeted to engineering and construction on the process measurements and to machinery, equipment targeted at the majority of industrial measurement 2. The techniques and methods can be divided into general engineering survey and precision engineering, surveying, building surveying and mapping science in the national economy and national defense construction without direct application. Engineering survey of the services is very broad and civil engineering surveying, hydraulic engineering surveying, mine surveying, and military range measurements, three-dimensional industrial measurement and precision engineering, surveying.
5. Cartography
Is to study how the use of measurement data projection, compilation into a map, and map production theory, process, technology and applications in science. Of its research mainly includes the preparation of maps, map projection, map finishing, map printing. Map is an important product form of surveying and mapping work. Its function is to pass the Earth's surface all kinds of information. It is with the textual description of the difference between the distribution of information is that it can be accurately positioned and intuitive. Subject to promote the development of map products from analog to digital map conversion map. Computer graphics technology and the development of map database to promote geographic information system to produce the digital map development, which is widely used for the development and application of cartography to show broad prospects. Modern cartography is moving graphics automation, electronic map production and geographic information systems direction.
This book mainly of a "common measurement study" category, and includes "Engineering Geodesy" basic elements.