1、什么是图形的定位，为什么要进行配准？

定位的实质是进行坐标变换，把一个对象通过几个相互对应的点，通过坐标的平移、旋转、缩放、拉伸等投影过程，纳入到另一个坐标系中。

2、图形分层理由：采用分层可以减少处理的负荷、减少占有有限内存、提高数据处理效率

原则：全要素，国家规定，特定条件

3、数字化仪：组成：数字化板、定标器、控制电路

             指标：分辨率、精度、幅面大小

   扫描仪：组成：平台式（平台、扫描头、x\y导轨）滚筒式（滚筒、扫描头、x导轨）

           指标：分辨率>=0.025mm、精度>=0.1mm、幅面大小、速度

4、测量坐标系与屏幕坐标系

测量坐标系采用高斯-吕克格坐标系或者是独立坐标系，是一种平面直角坐标系统X轴为纵轴,用它表示南北方向,Y轴作为横轴,表示东南方向。
 屏幕坐标系的Y轴向下为正，且屏幕坐标都为正值，坐标原点在屏幕的左上角。

他俩之间坐标的数值范围不同。

5、正交线性变换、仿射变换、投影变换的原理式什么，如何进行，各需几个控制点？

6、矢量数据的优点：表示地理数据的精度高，数据结构严密，数据量小，用网络连接法能完整的描述拓扑结构，图形输出精确美观，图形数据和属性数据的恢复、更新、综合都能够实现。

缺点：数据结构复杂，多边形或多边形网很难用叠置方法与栅格图进行组合，显示和绘图费高，数学模拟比较困难，技术复杂，多边形内的空间分析不容易实现。

栅格数据的优点：数据结构简单，空间数据的叠置和组合十分容易进行，各类空间分析比较容易，数学模拟方便，技术开发费用低

缺点：图形数据量大，用大像元减少数据量时，可识别的现象结构损失信息多，地图输出不精美，难以建立网络连接关系，投影变换花费时间多。

7、定位号：对地物符号插入点对应的测量点的位置。

8、栅格数据到矢量数据的转换：

基于图像数据的矢量化：a、二值化 b、预处理c、细化d、跟踪

基于再生栅格数据的矢量化：a、识别内边界b、识别公共边界c、追踪外边界d、建立绘图数据文件。

9、图幅接边就是将两幅图上的地物拼接，并恢复相关信息的过程。

接边时，除了几何接边，还要进行属性接边，保持接边地物属性的一致性。

逻辑接边包含两个方面的内容：
 1） 检查同一目标在想邻图幅内的地物编码和属性数据是否一致。

 2） 将同一目标在相邻图幅的空间实体，在逻辑上连接在一起。

1 What is the positioning of graphics, why should carry out registration?
The essence of positioning the coordinate transformation to an object through several mutual corresponding point, through the coordinates of the translation, rotation, scaling, stretching and other projection process, incorporated into another coordinate system.
2, graphics, layering reasons: use of hierarchical processing load can be reduced to reduce the possession of a limited memory, to improve data processing efficiency
Principle: All elements of national requirements, specific conditions
3, digitizer: Composition: Digital boards, scalers, control circuit
              Indicators: resolution, accuracy, format size of the
    Scanner: consists of: platform type (platform, scanning head, x \ y track) drum (drum, scanning head, x rails)
            Indicators: Resolution> = 0.025mm, precision> = 0.1mm, format size, speed
4, measurement coordinate system and the screen coordinate system
Measurement coordinate system Gauss - Lv Kege coordinates or is an independent coordinate system, is a plane rectangular coordinate system X-axis is the axis that represents the north-south direction, Y-axis as the horizontal axis, said south-easterly direction.
  The screen coordinate system under the Y-axis is positive, and the screen coordinates are positive, the coordinate origin in the upper left corner of the screen.
They coordinate between the different range of values.
5, orthogonal linear transformation, affine transformation, projection transformation principles of what type, how each of several control points needed?
6, vector data have the advantage: that high accuracy of geographic data, data structure is tight, the amount of data is small, with the network connection method can be a complete description of topology, beautiful graphics output precision, graphics data and attribute data recovery, updates, integrated all can be achieved.
Disadvantages: complex data structures, polygon, or polygon overlay methods are difficult to mix with the raster maps, display and graphics costs high, mathematical modeling more difficult, technically complex, polygon spatial analysis is not easy to achieve.
Advantages of raster data: data structure is simple, and combinations of spatial data is very easy to overlay all kinds of spatial analysis is relatively easy to facilitate mathematical modeling, technology development, low-cost
Disadvantages: large amount of graphics data, with large pixel to reduce the amount of data, it can identify the phenomenon of structural damage to more than information, maps the output is not beautiful, it is difficult to establish network connection between spending time over projection transformation.
7, positioning No.: symbol insertion point on the surface features corresponding to the location of measurement points.
8, raster data to vector data of the conversion:
Vector-based image data of: a, two values of b, pre-c, refine d, tracking
Vector-based regeneration of raster data: a, identify the inner boundary b, identify the common border c, tracking outer boundary d, the establishment of mapping data files.
9, Figure lots Edge is to splice two maps of the surface features and to restore the information process.
Edge, in addition to the geometric Edge, but also access to properties while maintaining the consistency of next frontier material properties.
Logic Edge contains two aspects:
  1) Check in to the same target within the surface features adjacent map sheet code and attribute data are the same.
  2) to the same target in the space adjacent map sheet entities, logically connected.