电子经纬仪

60年代以来，随着近代光学、电子学的发展，使角度测量向自动化记录方向改进有了技术基础，从而出现了电子经纬仪等自动化测角仪器。电子经纬仪在结构及外现上和光学经纬仪相类似，主要不同点在于读数系统，它采用光电扫描和电子元件进行自动读数和液晶显示。电子测角虽然仍旧是采用度盘来进行，但不是按度盘上的刻划，用光学续数法读取角度值，而是以度盘上取得电信号，再将电信号转换成角度值。

电子测角的度盘主要有编码度盘、光栅度盘和动态测角度盘三种形式。因此，电子测角也就有编码度盘测角，光栅度盘测角和编码度盘结合测角，以及动态测角等四种形式。如瑞士克恩(KERN)厂的E1型和E2型电子经纬仪采用光栅度盘，德国OPTONJ于 19 78年生产的Elta - 2型电子速测仪，采用的是编码度盘，而现在主流速测仪的测角系统大多用的是动态测角系统，测角精度可达在0.5″。从 9 0年代起，国内厂家如北京光学仪器厂、南方测绘仪器公司生产的电子经纬仪测角精度均在在 5″左右。

电磁波测距仪

随着各种新颖光源 (激光、红外光等 )的相继出现，物理测距技术也得到了迅速的发展，出现了以激光、红外光和其它光源为载波的光波测距仪和以微波为载波的微波测距仪，通称为电磁波测距仪。

电磁波测距仪的出现，是测距方法的革命，从而开创了距离测量的新纪元。与传统的钢尺或基线尺的量距相比，它具有精度高、作业迅速，受气候、地形影响小等优点。电磁波测距仪的发展很快，世界上第一台测距仪于 1947年由瑞典AGA公司制成，该厂生产的AGA - 8激光测距仪一般被认为是第一代测距仪的代表。这类仪器的测程一般为 20- 60km。由南非 1954年开始研制， 1957年正式生产的微波测距仪，也属于第一代电磁波测距仪，在良好的条件下，其测程可达 66-80km。

第一代测距仪虽然测长边比较精确，但体积大、笨重且造价昂贵。 20世纪60年代中期，电子产品的小型化和小型发光二极管的研制成功，为第二代测距仪的设计提供了条件。第二代测距仪是一种小型、轻便的仪器，而且耗电少，操作简便，但测程较短，一般为 0.5-5km，测距的中误差为正负 2- 10mm + 0。 5- 5ppm。相干激光引入光波测距仪后，就产生了第三代测距仪。这类仪器十分轻便，耗电少、读数方便，测程为 5m -60km，精度高达正负 5mm + 1ppm。

目前，测距仪正在向小型、自动、多功能的方向发展。将测距仪通过接合器，安装在光学经纬仪或电子经纬仪的望远镜支架上，以形成组合型仪器，是半全站型记录或电子速测仪的发展开端。从 80年代起，我国科研单位举行了联合公关，在 80年代中期，已研制出了第一台电磁波测距仪，但由于国内的电子材料的质量等问题，始终未能投入生产。80年代后期，北京光学仪器厂与德国AGA公司合作，组装生产了AGA - 112、AGA - 114等型号的测距仪，在 9 0年代初常州第二无线电厂推出了大地系列的测距仪，标称精度在5mm + 5ppm。

全站仪

全站型电子速测仪是一种集测角，测距、计算记录于一体的新型测量仪器。它不是简单的测距仪与电子经纬仪的集成，而是在整个系统当中安装了一个集成度很高的带有固体存贮器的计算器，对观测的结果进行处理，进行数据的计算，存贮和交换，在实际应用中，只要将各种固定参数 (如测站坐标、仪器高、仪器照准差，指标差、棱镜参数、气温、气压等 )预先置入仪器，然后照准目标上的反射镜，启动仪器，就可获得水平角、水平距或目标的X、Y、Z坐标，且这些观测值都已经过多项改正，并显示在仪器的显示屏上，记录在随机的存贮器或外置的电子手簿当中，并利用随机的软件进行预处理，内业时直接传输到PC(个人电脑 )中，使整个流程自动化，大大提高了作业的精度和效率。

自 60年代德国生产出第一台电子速测仪以来，电子速测仪有了飞速的发展。特别是在中央处理单元 (CPU)，内置软件和通迅上有了长足的进步，并且出现了所谓“测量机器人”，即单人电子速测仪，它能够自动跟踪反射器，进行自动测量，如早些时候Geotrohcs公司推出的Geodme ter400和最新型的蔡司马达驱动自动跟踪全站仪EltaS系列的仪器。从 9 0年代起，国内南方测绘仪器公司开始生产的电子经纬仪测角精度均在在 5″左右。

电子水准仪

随着数字技术的发展，几十年来人们探求的精密水准测量自动化，在 9 0年代初有了突破。自 19 9 0年徕卡公司第一台数字电子水准仪问世，徕卡公司和蔡司公司相继成功地将数字电子水准仪推向市场，实现了水准标尺的精密照准，标尺分划读数和视距的读取、数据储存和处理等数据采集的自动化，从而减轻了水准测量的劳动强度，提高了测量和成果质量。目前的主流产品有徕卡的NA2002、NA3003，蔡司DiNi20、DiNi10，拓普康的DL - 101、DL - 102等数字电子水准仪，它们的光学系统都采用了光学自平水准仪的基本形式，具有典型的交叉吊带补偿器，也可以象光学水准仪一样使用。

标尺采用条码分划，代替人们眼睛的是光电二极管阵列。在水准测量中，条码的像通过一个分光器，将光线分成两束，一束转射到传感光电二极管阵列上，另一束转射到观测镜上。信号的分析和处理采用了相关方法，将存贮在仪器内的基准码与传感器阵列的图象信号进行比较，仪器与标尺之间的高差即是标尺条码象的位移量和因仪器一标尺间距离而产生的条码象的大小的相关函数。将仪器的调焦透镜位置参数作为相关搜索的初始值，求出最佳相关，即可求出高差。电子水准仪自动记录，重量轻，大大降低了观测员的劳动强度，节省了人力，提高了观测速度。

在光电测量仪器蓬勃发展的今天，除了大量出现的种类繁多的测距仪，全站仪等以外，还出现了诸如激光经纬仪、激光准直仪、激光水准仪等光电测量仪器。

Electronic Theodolite

60 years, along with the modern optics, electronics development, so that the angle measuring the direction of improvements made to the automatic recording technical basis, which appeared in electronic theodolite angle measuring instruments and other automated. Structural and electronic theodolite and optical theodolite on the outside are similar, the main difference is that reading system, which uses optical scanning and electronic components for automatic reading, and liquid crystal display. Although the e-angle measurement is still used dial to carry out, but not carved on the dial by using optical counting method continued to read the angle value, but rather to achieve dial signal, and then converted into electrical signals the angle value .

The degree of electronic angle measurement are mainly coded dial plate, grating angle measurement dial and dynamic disks in three forms. Therefore, the electronic angle measurement also has code-degree angle measuring plate, grating-degree angle measuring plate and coding degree angle measuring plate combination, as well as the form of four kinds of dynamic measuring angle. If Ruishikeen (KERN) plant-type E1 and E2 with grating electronic theodolite dial, Germany OPTONJ in the 1978 production of Elta - 2 electronic speed measuring device, uses a coded dial, but now the mainstream speed test instrument mostly used in angle measuring system is a dynamic angle-measuring system for angle measurement accuracy is up to 0.5. "From the age of 90 onwards, the domestic manufacturers such as Beijing Optical Instrument Factory, the South produced by the Survey and Mapping Instruments electronic theodolite angle measurement accuracy are in In the 5 "or so.

Electromagnetic wave rangefinder

With a variety of novel light source (laser, infrared light, etc.) appeared in succession, the physical distance measuring technology has also been a rapid development, there have been laser, infrared light and other light sources for the carrier light wave rangefinder and in microwave microwave range finder for the carrier, known as electromagnetic wave range finder.

The emergence of electromagnetic wave rangefinder is a distance measurement method of the revolution, which ushered a new era of distance measurement. With the traditional ruler, or the amount of feet away from the baseline than it has high precision, operating quickly, climate, topography impact on small and so on. Electromagnetic wave rangefinder has developed rapidly, the world's first rangefinder was founded in 1947 by the Swedish company AGA is made of the plant production of AGA - 8 laser range finder is generally considered to be representative of the first generation of DME. The measurement range of such equipment is generally 20 - 60km. By South Africa in 1954 started to develop in 1957 with full production of the microwave range finder, also belong to the first generation of electromagnetic waves rangefinder, in good condition, the measurement range of up to 66-80km.

Although the first generation of distance meter measuring is more accurate long side, but the bulky, cumbersome and expensive. The mid-20th century, 60 years, miniaturization of electronic products and small light-emitting diode developed for the design of the second generation range finder provides the conditions. Second-generation range finder is a small, portable instruments, and low power consumption, simple operation, but the measurement range is shorter, usually 0.5-5km, ranging in error of plus or minus 2 - 10mm + 0. 5 - 5ppm. Coherent laser rangefinder, after the introduction of light waves, it produced a third-generation rangefinder. Such equipment is very portable, low power consumption, easy reading, measurement range for the 5m-60km, accuracy up to plus or minus 5mm + 1ppm.

At present, DME is to small, automatic, multi-functional direction. Through the range finder adapter installed in optical or electronic theodolite theodolite telescope bracket to form a combination-type equipment, is half full points-based records, or electronic speed measurement instrument for the development of beginning. From the 80s onwards, scientific research units in China held a joint public relations, in the mid-80s, has developed the first electromagnetic wave rangefinder, but because of the quality of domestic issues such as electronic materials, has failed to put into production. Late 80's, Beijing Optical Instrument Factory in cooperation with the German AGA, assembly and manufacture of the AGA - 112, AGA - 114 and other types of range finder, in the 90 second radio factory, Changzhou early introduction of the earth series of rangefinder, nominal accuracy of 5mm + 5ppm.

Total Station

Total Station Electronic Tachometer is a set of angle measurement, distance measurement, calculation of record in one of the new measuring instruments. It is not a simple integration of theodolite and electronic distance meter, but in the whole system which is installed on a solid integration with a high degree of memory of the calculator, the results of the observation processing, data calculation, deposit storage and exchange, in practical applications, as long as all kinds of fixed parameters (such as station coordinates, instruments high, instrument awarded poor indicators of poor, prism parameters, temperature, pressure, etc.) pre-implantation apparatus, and then awarded goal reflector, start equipment, you can get horizontal angle, horizontal distance or target of the X, Y, Z coordinates, and these observations have been a number of corrections, and displayed in the instrument display, recorded in the random deposit reservoir or the external electronic hand-book which, using random pre-processing software, which industry will be transmitted directly to a PC (personal computer), the entire process automation, greatly improving accuracy and efficiency of operations.

Since the 60's in Germany produced the first since the Electronic Tachometer, electronic speed measuring instrument has been developed rapidly. Especially in the central processing unit (CPU), built-in software and of communications have made great progress on, and the emergence of the so-called "measurement robot", that is, single electronic speed measuring device, it can automatically track the reflector, automatic measurement, such as the company introduced earlier this Geotrohcs the Geodme ter400 and the latest type of Zeiss motor-driven auto-tracking total station EltaS series of instruments. From the age of 90 onwards, the Survey and Mapping Instruments south of the country began producing electronic theodolite angle measurement accuracy were in the 5 "or so.

Electronic Levels

With the development of digital technology for several decades, people have to explore the precise level of measurement automation, in the 90 early breakthrough. Since the 1990 Leica's first digital electronic level come, Leica and Zeiss have succeeded in the market of digital electronic level to achieve a level of precision ruler awarded, gauge partition, and sight reading read, data storage and processing, automated data collection, thereby reducing the level of measurement of labor intensity and improve the quality of the measurement and results. The current mainstream products are Leica's NA2002, NA3003, Zeiss DiNi20, DiNi10, Topcon's DL - 101, DL - 102 and other digital electronic level, and their optical systems using optical water level of the basic form of self-balancing, with A typical cross-sling compensator, the same can also be used as optical leveling.

Ruler with bar code partition, instead of one eye is the photodiode array. In the standard measurement, such as bar code through a splitter, will be divided into two beams of light, a bunch of switch hitting the sensor photodiode array, and the other a bunch of change reach all parts of the observation mirror. Signal analysis and processing of related methods used will be stored within the instrument reference code and the image sensor array signal comparison, the height difference between the instruments and ruler that is, the amount of displacement as the ruler bar, and because of instrument a ruler the distance between the bar code generated as the size of the correlation function. Focus lens position of the instrument parameters as related to the initial value search, find the best related, you can find the height difference. Electronic level automatic recording, light weight, greatly reduced the labor intensity of observers, saving manpower, improve the speed observation.

In the optical measuring instrument to flourish today, in addition to a large number of emerging wide variety of range finder, total stations, etc., it also emerged, such as laser theodolite, laser collimator, laser leveling and other optical measuring instruments.